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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of protein phosphorylation in animal cells?
What is the primary function of protein phosphorylation in animal cells?
Which of the following amino acids is least frequently phosphorylated in animal cells?
Which of the following amino acids is least frequently phosphorylated in animal cells?
What are the enzymes called that add phosphate groups to proteins?
What are the enzymes called that add phosphate groups to proteins?
Which compound serves as the activated methyl donor in protein methylation?
Which compound serves as the activated methyl donor in protein methylation?
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Which type of modification on lysine residues is associated with chromatin structure regulation?
Which type of modification on lysine residues is associated with chromatin structure regulation?
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How many lysine methyltransferases are expressed by humans, according to the content?
How many lysine methyltransferases are expressed by humans, according to the content?
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Which of the following is a key characteristic of protein methylation?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of protein methylation?
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What is the approximate ratio of phosphorylation for serine to threonine in animal cells?
What is the approximate ratio of phosphorylation for serine to threonine in animal cells?
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What is the primary role of gamma-carboxyglutamate (gla) residues in proteins?
What is the primary role of gamma-carboxyglutamate (gla) residues in proteins?
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Which protein is involved in the initial step of ubiquitination?
Which protein is involved in the initial step of ubiquitination?
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What is the process by which pre-mRNA is converted to mature mRNA?
What is the process by which pre-mRNA is converted to mature mRNA?
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What distinguishes SUMOylation from ubiquitination?
What distinguishes SUMOylation from ubiquitination?
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How does the three-dimensional structure of a protein relate to its function?
How does the three-dimensional structure of a protein relate to its function?
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Where do N-Linked glycans typically attach to proteins?
Where do N-Linked glycans typically attach to proteins?
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What function does the proteasome serve in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway?
What function does the proteasome serve in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway?
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What does alternative splicing allow in gene expression?
What does alternative splicing allow in gene expression?
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What is unique about O-Linked glycan assembly compared to N-Linked glycan assembly?
What is unique about O-Linked glycan assembly compared to N-Linked glycan assembly?
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What is the primary role of proteins in organisms?
What is the primary role of proteins in organisms?
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Which monosaccharide is not mentioned as a component of N-Linked glycans?
Which monosaccharide is not mentioned as a component of N-Linked glycans?
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Which part of mRNA is not kept during the maturation process?
Which part of mRNA is not kept during the maturation process?
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What signifies the evolvement of protein structure?
What signifies the evolvement of protein structure?
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What is required for proteins to be correctly packaged into ER-to-Golgi transport vesicles?
What is required for proteins to be correctly packaged into ER-to-Golgi transport vesicles?
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What is the main consequence of genetic variation due to splicing?
What is the main consequence of genetic variation due to splicing?
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Which molecule is primarily involved in the translation process?
Which molecule is primarily involved in the translation process?
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What is the primary function of the ligand in affinity chromatography?
What is the primary function of the ligand in affinity chromatography?
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Which method can be used to elute molecules bound to immobilized antibodies in affinity chromatography?
Which method can be used to elute molecules bound to immobilized antibodies in affinity chromatography?
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How do polypeptides migrate in SDS-PAGE?
How do polypeptides migrate in SDS-PAGE?
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What characteristic of polypeptides affects their speed of migration in SDS-PAGE?
What characteristic of polypeptides affects their speed of migration in SDS-PAGE?
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What is the purpose of staining the gel in SDS-PAGE after the separation process?
What is the purpose of staining the gel in SDS-PAGE after the separation process?
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What is the main objective of manufacturing a biosimilar?
What is the main objective of manufacturing a biosimilar?
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Which of the following is a key component used in the production of biosimilars?
Which of the following is a key component used in the production of biosimilars?
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What type of cell line is commonly used for producing biopharmaceuticals?
What type of cell line is commonly used for producing biopharmaceuticals?
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Which aspect is essential for the characterization of a biosimilar?
Which aspect is essential for the characterization of a biosimilar?
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What does a correct karyotype analysis provide in the context of biosimilars?
What does a correct karyotype analysis provide in the context of biosimilars?
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What characteristic is not typically required for a biosimilar to be considered interchangeable with its reference product?
What characteristic is not typically required for a biosimilar to be considered interchangeable with its reference product?
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Which statement best describes the relationship between biosimilars and original biologics?
Which statement best describes the relationship between biosimilars and original biologics?
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In the context of biosimilar manufacturing, what is the significance of 'purification'?
In the context of biosimilar manufacturing, what is the significance of 'purification'?
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Study Notes
Protein Structure and Function
- Proteins are versatile molecules that bind various entities, including ions, fats, sugars, nucleic acids, and other proteins.
- Their efficiency and function are determined by their three-dimensional structure, which arises from the specific amino acid sequence.
Protein Synthesis
- Protein synthesis, also known as translation, converts nucleic acid sequences into amino acid sequences.
- This process involves two main steps: transcription of DNA to pre-mRNA and its subsequent translation into proteins.
mRNA Production and Splicing
- Introns are non-coding segments in pre-mRNA that are removed through splicing, resulting in mature mRNA.
- Alternative splicing allows for different exons to be included or excluded, leading to diverse protein variants from the same gene.
Protein Phosphorylation
- Phosphorylation is a common modification in proteins within animal cells that regulates their activity and is typically transient.
- Kinases add phosphate groups, while phosphatases remove them; serine, threonine, and tyrosine are common targets for phosphorylation.
- The approximate phosphorylation ratio is 1800:200:1 for serine, threonine, and tyrosine, respectively.
Protein Methylation
- Methylation occurs post-translationally on nitrogen and oxygen atoms of residues such as lysine and arginine.
- S-adenosylmethionine serves as the methyl donor, crucial for histone regulation and chromatin structure.
- Human cells express 27 lysine methyltransferases and 9 arginine methyltransferases.
Other Protein Modifications
- Ubiquitination: Attaches ubiquitin to proteins, marking them for degradation by the proteasome.
- SUMOylation: Similar to ubiquitination but does not signal for proteolysis; it can inhibit ubiquitination.
- Glycosylation: Involves adding saccharides to proteins, which is accomplished in the ER and Golgi apparatus through N-Linked and O-Linked methods.
Recombinant Protein Manufacturing
- Consistent amino acid sequences are critical in producing biosimilars, requiring careful selection of plasmid vectors and strains.
- Affinity chromatography isolates proteins by exploiting specific ligand interactions, allowing for targeted purification.
Protein Analysis Techniques
- SDS-PAGE technology separates proteins based on size, utilizing sodium dodecyl sulfate to impart a negative charge to the proteins.
- The migration speed in the gel is inversely proportional to molecular weight, enabling the determination of polypeptide size and composition.
- Western blotting follows SDS-PAGE as a method to detect specific proteins.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of proteins with this quiz covering their structure, synthesis, and modifications. Understand key processes such as translation, splicing, and phosphorylation, and how these influence protein functionality. Ideal for anyone studying biochemistry or molecular biology!