Biochemistry Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the basic unit of carbohydrates?

  • Oligosaccharide
  • Disaccharide
  • Monosaccharide (correct)
  • Polysaccharide

    • Which type of chemical bond involves the donation or acceptance of electrons?

  • Van der Waals forces
  • Covalent bond
  • Ionic bond (correct)
  • Metallic bond

    • What best describes stereoisomers?

  • Molecules with different functional groups
  • Molecules with the same molecular formula and structural formula
  • Molecules with the same molecular formula but different geometric arrangements (correct)
  • Molecules with different molecular formulas but same geometry

    • Which property makes carbohydrates like polysaccharides nonsoluble and tasteless?

    <p>High molecular weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does stereochemistry primarily study?

    <p>Three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes chiral centers in organic molecules?

    <p>Having four different substituents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of carbohydrate cannot be broken down into simpler sugars?

    <p>Monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about biomolecules is correct?

    <p>Biomolecules are large, complex structures with high molecular weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sugar contains more than 10 monosaccharides?

    <p>Polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What functional group characterizes aldoses?

    <p>Aldehyde group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sugars is found in milk?

    <p>Erythrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of triglycerides in the body?

    <p>Store energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is described as having a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a functional group found in simple sugars?

    <p>Amine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lipid is primarily involved in forming cell membranes?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some sugars can convert into glucose in the body. Which of the following is one of them?

    <p>Erythrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure refers to a long chain of carbon atoms with attached functional groups?

    <p>Hydrocarbon chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links amino acids together to form proteins?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are nucleic acids primarily composed of?

    <p>Nucleotide polymers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most abundant molecule in the human body, comprising about 65% of its weight?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of water molecules contributes to its polarity?

    <p>Directional charge distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily controlled by mRNA during protein synthesis?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acid contains one or more double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain?

    <p>Unsaturated fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of nucleotides distinguishes different nucleic acids?

    <p>Nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of water enables it to dissolve most biomolecules?

    <p>Polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the higher melting and boiling points of water compared to other similar molecules?

    <p>Hydrogen bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about the electronegativity of oxygen in water?

    <p>Oxygen attracts electrons more effectively than hydrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy required to break a chemical bond, such as those in water?

    <p>Bond dissociation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does water interact with sodium chloride (NaCl) when dissolved?

    <p>It hydrates and stabilizes the Na+ and Cl- ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of water makes it 'water-hating'?

    <p>It repels non-polar substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the partial positive charge in water molecules?

    <p>It allows water to function as a good solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'hydrophilic' refer to regarding substances in water?

    <p>Substances that are attracted to water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a supersaturated solution?

    <p>It has more solute than a saturated solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the rate of solubility?

    <p>Color of the solute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for separating a mixture using differences in boiling points?

    <p>Distillation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a closed system, what is exchanged?

    <p>Only energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'diluted solvent' refer to?

    <p>A solvent with little solute dissolved in it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about polar solvents is correct?

    <p>They are effective for dissolving polar and ionic solutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a closed system in thermodynamics?

    <p>Nothing can enter or leave the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves separating substances by particle size?

    <p>Filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first law of thermodynamics about energy?

    <p>Energy can change forms but is not created or destroyed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the second law of thermodynamics state about entropy?

    <p>Entropy increases in isolated systems over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At absolute zero, what is the entropy of a perfect solid?

    <p>Its entropy is at absolute zero.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a higher enthalpy indicate about a system at constant pressure?

    <p>The system has more energy available to perform work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Gibbs free energy used to measure?

    <p>The maximum amount of work obtainable from a system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that a reaction is non-spontaneous in terms of Gibbs free energy?

    <p>ΔG is positive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the freedom of movement change when a solid substance turns into a liquid?

    <p>It increases, thus entropy increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the Gibbs free energy at equilibrium?

    <p>ΔG is equal to zero at equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biochemistry

    • Chemistry of living beings, studying structure, composition, and chemical reactions of substances.
    • Biomolecules are compounds of carbon with various functional groups.
    • Major biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

    Chemical Bonding

    • Chemical bonding joins atoms.
    • Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons.
    • Metallic bonds involve electron movement.

    Stereoisomers

    • Stereoisomers have the same molecular formula and bonded atom sequence but different 3D arrangements.
    • Geometric isomers have different spatial arrangements around a double bond.
    • Optical isomers are mirror images of each other that cannot be superimposed.

    Carbohydrates

    • Monosaccharides are the basic units.
    • Oligosaccharides consist of 2-10 monosaccharides.
    • Polysaccharides have more than 10 monosaccharides.

    Lipids

    • Lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in water.
    • Fats, phospholipids, and steroids are types of lipids.

    Proteins

    • Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
    • Have diverse functions like structure, support, and enzymes.
    • Protein structures: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

    Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store and transmit genetic information.
    • Constructed from nucleotides.

    Water

    • Water is a polar molecule.
    • Its polarity leads to hydrogen bonds.
    • Crucial for biological processes and cellular shape.
    • Has a high specific heat, high boiling point and high surface tension.

    Solutions

    • A solution is a homogenous mixture of a solute and a solvent.
    • Concentration refers to the amount of solute in the solvent.
    • Types include saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions.

    Factors affecting dissolving

    • Temperature, pressure, and the nature of the solute and solvent affect the dissolving rate.

    Separating Mixtures

    • Physical methods like filtration, distillation, and chromatography are used to separate mixtures.

    Thermodynamics

    • Discusses energy changes and transfer in processes.
    • Laws of thermodynamics govern these changes.
    • Entropy is a measure of disorder in a system.
    • Enthalpy and Gibbs free energy are related to energy changes in systems.

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    Biochemistry PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential concepts of biochemistry, including the study of biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. This quiz covers chemical bonding and the significance of stereoisomers in biological systems. Test your knowledge on the structure, composition, and functions of these vital compounds.

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