Biochemistry Overview Quiz

The study of chemical processes and components within living organisms.

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are key components of living organisms.

Bacterial cells are primarily made up of water (about 70%).

Mammalian cells have a higher protein content (about 18%).

Organisms need to acquire chemicals from their surroundings to survive and build their bodies.

The essential chemicals that organisms use to build their living matter (cells).

The process of combining simpler substances to form complex substances.

The process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones.

All chemical reactions in a cell that keep it alive.

Anabolic reactions need energy from breaking down complex molecules (catabolism).

Carbon has four valence electrons, allowing it to form four covalent bonds with other atoms, resulting in a stable tetrahedral structure.

Carbon atoms can connect to each other in long chains, which can be straight (unbranched) or branched, forming the backbone of large molecules.

Carbon atoms can also bond together to form closed rings, contributing to the diverse structures of organic molecules.

Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons, creating a strong and stable bond between them. This type of bond is crucial in organic molecules.

Covalent bonds between carbon atoms store significant amounts of energy, essential for life processes. They also provide stability to organic molecules.

A water-based environment where most cellular reactions occur.

Water participates in many biological reactions, such as the breakdown of large molecules.

Water molecules have a slightly positive and negative end, making it a good solvent for polar substances.

Fats are nonpolar molecules, making them unable to dissolve in water.

Water can absorb a lot of heat without a large temperature change, helping regulate body temperature.

The Carbon-Hydrogen (C-H) bond is a major source of potential energy for cells. This energy is released during chemical reactions within cells.

Carbon atoms form the backbone of many important molecules, including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. It combines with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur to create diverse structures.

Complex organic molecules like cellulose, fats, and proteins are generally large and insoluble in water. They provide structural components and storage for smaller molecules.

Smaller molecules like glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are essential for providing energy and creating larger molecules.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is an unstable molecule that releases energy quickly when broken down. This energy is used to power cellular processes.

Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, primarily produced by plants during photosynthesis. They can be simple sugars or complex molecules made up of sugar units.

A simple sugar, such as glucose or fructose. It cannot be broken down into simpler sugars.

A complex carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharide units linked together. Examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

The process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones using water molecules.

Carbohydrates combine with proteins or lipids to form these complex molecules; they play structural roles in cells and organisms.

The amount of heat energy required to change a liquid into a gas, measured in calories per gram.

Water's high heat of vaporization allows it to absorb significant heat energy during evaporation, cooling down organisms like plants during transpiration and animals during perspiration.

Water molecules spontaneously break down into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in a reversible reaction.

In pure water at 25°C, the concentration of both $H^{+}$ and $OH^{-}$ ions is approximately $10^{-7}$ mole/litre.

Water acts as a lubricant, reducing friction and damage. It also cushions organs, protecting them from trauma.

Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a hydrogen-to-oxygen ratio similar to water. They are polyhydroxy aldehydes, ketones, or complex substances that break down into these when hydrolyzed.

Carbohydrates serve as a primary energy source in cells and are a major component of cell walls in plants and microorganisms.

Green plants are the primary producers of carbohydrates through photosynthesis.

Monosaccharides are classified based on the number of carbon atoms they have: trioses (3C), tetroses (4C), pentoses (5C), hexoses (6C), and heptoses (7C).

The general formula for monosaccharides is (CH₂O)n, where 'n' represents a whole number from 3 to 7000.

Glucose, a hexose sugar, is the most important monosaccharide biologically, playing a key role in respiration and energy production.

Most monosaccharides form ring structures in solution. For example, ribose forms ribofuranose, while glucose forms glucopyranose.

Ribose, a pentose sugar, is a component of RNA. Glucose, a hexose sugar, is the primary energy source for cells. They differ in their number of carbon atoms and structural arrangement.

Carbohydrates with 2 to 10 linked monosaccharides. They are less sweet and soluble than monosaccharides.

Oligosaccharides formed by two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond. Common examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

A disaccharide commonly known as table sugar. It's formed by glucose and fructose.

The covalent bond that links two monosaccharides together in an oligosaccharide.

Carbohydrates with a free aldehyde or ketone group that can reduce other molecules.

Most monosaccharides form ring structures in solution. Ribose forms a five-cornered ring (ribofuranose), while glucose forms a six-cornered ring (glucopyranose).

Glucose is a fundamental source of energy. It's found in fruits, in human blood, and is a component of many larger carbohydrates like starch, cellulose, and glycogen.

Green plants produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water using sunlight energy. This process is known as photosynthesis.

Oligosaccharides are less sweet and soluble than monosaccharides. They are made of 2 to 10 monosaccharides linked together.