Biochemistry Overview AB_1137
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Questions and Answers

What does thermodynamics primarily describe?

  • Exchange of energy between a system and its environment. (correct)
  • The behavior of ideal gases.
  • The relationships between different forms of matter.
  • The conversion of chemical energy into thermal energy.

    • Which of the following is an example of an extensive state variable?

  • Volume (correct)
  • Concentration
  • Pressure
  • Temperature

    • What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

  • Energy is conserved and can only change forms. (correct)
  • Energy can be created and destroyed.
  • Energy cannot do work.
  • Energy can be lost during a phase change.

    • Which of the following pairs of variables includes one intensive and one extensive variable?

    <p>Temperature and Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In thermodynamics, what does the symbol ∆U represent?

    <p>The internal energy change of the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between Gibbs free energy change and redox potential in the context of electron transfer?

    <p>Gibbs free energy decreases as redox potential increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which state are nutrients primarily stored as glycogen, protein, and fat?

    <p>Postprandial state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the synthesis of ATP in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Protons are driven back into the mitochondrial matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of electronegativity in chemical bonding?

    <p>It indicates the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the process of respiration?

    <p>It involves the transfer of electrons to an external electron acceptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the basal (overnight fast) state?

    <p>Glycogen is mobilized to maintain blood glucose levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of uncoupling in brown fat cells?

    <p>It dissipates the proton motor force, generating heat instead of ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of electron transport, what does the equation ∆μ = - n F ∆E represent?

    <p>The relationship between chemical potential and redox potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do chaperones play in protein folding?

    <p>They prevent protein aggregation during the folding process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to proteins when they are subjected to denaturing conditions?

    <p>They become irreversibly aggregated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure forms first during protein folding?

    <p>Helix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Hsp70 in a cell?

    <p>It prevents protein folding on the ribosome and assists in stabilizing partially folded proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the behavior of ATP synthase relate to conformational changes in proteins?

    <p>It undergoes a rotational motion influenced by proton flux, which is critical for ATP generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically triggers the proteasome to degrade a protein?

    <p>The protein fails to fold correctly after multiple attempts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of allosteric inhibitors in proteins?

    <p>They decrease the activity of the protein by binding away from the active site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of acid on protein structure?

    <p>It leads to unfolding due to the disappearance of negative charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of hydrophobic effects in protein folding?

    <p>They assist in the rapid formation of a helix and stabilization of the folded state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a low pH (high H+ concentration) have on hemoglobin?

    <p>It promotes the T state, leading to increased O2 release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fatty acid contains only single bonds between carbon atoms?

    <p>Saturated fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids?

    <p>They can contain one or more double bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the basic structure of triacylglycerols?

    <p>A glycerol molecule linked to three fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipid is primarily responsible for cell membrane fluidity?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes phospholipids from other lipids?

    <p>They have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component generated by normal metabolism that contributes to acidity in the body?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are glycolipids different from phospholipids?

    <p>Glycolipids contain a sugar in their polar head.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of a buffer determines its effectiveness in resist changes in pH?

    <p>Its concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond involves the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms with similar electronegativity?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonds do saturated fatty acids form, contributing to their solid state at room temperature?

    <p>Single bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a hydrogen bond in water?

    <p>A partially positive hydrogen is attracted to a partially negative oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the presence of trans double bonds in fatty acids?

    <p>They are rare in nature and usually created industrially.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes ionic bonds?

    <p>They are formed by atoms with large differences in electronegativity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically occurs during non-hydrogen dipole interactions?

    <p>Attractive and repulsive forces depend on dipole orientation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of induced dipoles?

    <p>They are generated by the presence of an ion or dipole.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bonding occurs when there is a significant difference in electronegativity between two atoms?

    <p>Ionic bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding London dispersion forces?

    <p>They arise from fluctuations in electron density within non-polar groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between electronegativity and the tendency of an atom to gain electrons?

    <p>High electronegativity leads to a strong tendency to gain electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between entropy and spontaneous reactions?

    <p>Increasing entropy in a system indicates a spontaneous reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a process to occur spontaneously in an isolated system, which statement is true?

    <p>The system will reach maximal entropy and equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an open system, under what condition will processes occur spontaneously?

    <p>If the total change in entropy of the system and environment is greater than zero.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Gibbs free energy (G) indicate about a system?

    <p>It predicts if a process can occur spontaneously based on entropy changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the entropy of the environment related to heat exchange in a system?

    <p>It increases as the system exchanges heat with its surroundings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the equation ∆G = ∆Hsys - T∆Ssys indicate?

    <p>It relates changes in enthalpy and entropy to predict spontaneity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a negative change in Gibbs free energy (∆G < 0)?

    <p>The process has a larger total increase in entropy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which relationship does the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation express?

    <p>The relationship between pH, dissociation constant, and concentration of acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'equilibrium' refer to in a thermodynamic context?

    <p>The point at which net changes cease to occur in the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a characteristic of weak acids?

    <p>Only a small percentage of molecules dissociate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biochemistry Summary

    • This document is a summary of Biochemistry (AB_1137).
    • It covers various topics within the subject, including Thermodynamics, Interactions, Proteins, Ligand binding, Enzymes, Membranes, Transport, Redox reactions, Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, and Metabolism.
    • The document provides detailed information for each topic.

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    Description

    This summary provides a comprehensive overview of key topics in Biochemistry, including thermodynamics, protein interactions, enzyme functions, and metabolic processes. It serves as a useful reference for understanding complex biochemical principles and mechanisms.

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