Biochemistry OSPE Revision - BPHARMA

Arterial, venous and capillary

<p>Insulin and glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin: decrease the blood glucose level</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shakiness(tremor)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin excess dose for diabetic (accidental or deliberate)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Point-of-care testing (POCT) or near-patient testing or bedside testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oximeter for oxygen saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quick, efficient, and cost-effective</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triglyceride.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Source of the fat-soluble vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Are complex particles which transport lipids between different tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A surface monolayer: Hydrophilic lipid components and hydrophilic protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chylomicrons: transport the absorbed TG absorbed from the intestine to the different tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitoring for RISK atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VLDL = Triglycerides/5. LDL cholesterol = Total Cholesterol - (VLDL+ HDL).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inherited metabolic disorders are caused by a defect in the enzymes or their co-factors that metabolize protein, carbohydrate, or fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alkaptonuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The defective enzyme in PKU is phenylalanine hydroxylase. Its function is to metabolize phenylalanine to tyrosine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The characteristic feature is the musty odour of sweat and urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urine-due to deposition of phenylacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ferric chloride test for phenyl pyruvic acid is used to confirm PKU. A yellowish green color is observed, indicating the presence of phenyl pyruvic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a clinical condition where methionine and another amino acid, homocysteine build up in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The defective enzyme is cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS). This enzyme is involved in the conversion of homocysteine to cystathionine. In homocystinuria, this enzyme is deficient or lacking. This leads to defective connective tissue formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cyanide nitroprusside test is used to confirm homocystinuria. A purple ring is formed when you add sodium nitroprusside. This indicates the presence of cysteine and homocysteine, which react with sodium nitroprusside to produce a pink to purple color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It's a black urine disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The defective enzyme in alkaptonuria is homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenase. This enzyme is responsible for breaking down homogentisic acid, a byproduct of tyrosine metabolism. Deficiencies in this enzyme lead to the accumulation of homogentisic acid in the blood, which is excreted in the urine and may cause damage to cartilage, heart valves, and kidney stones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocrine function: Hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The kidneys adjust the amount of water lost in urine. They also secrete the renin hormone, which plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and controlling fluid balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The kidneys respond to blood acidosis by secreting H+ ions into the urine and reabsorbing HCO3- ions. This helps to restore the body's acid-base balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In response to blood alkalosis, the kidneys retain H+ ions and excrete HCO3- ions in the urine. This helps to restore the body's acid-base balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood, such as in anemia. It works by stimulating the production of red blood cells (RBCs) in the bone marrow, which helps to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerular function is assessed by measuring the filtration rate of waste products from the blood. This is typically done using a creatinine clearance test. Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscle metabolism that is filtered by the kidneys. The creatinine clearance test measures the rate at which creatinine is filtered from the blood and excreted in the urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creatinine level</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins are normally detected in the urine in very small amounts. The glomerular basement membrane is a barrier that prevents large molecules like protein from passing into the urine. However, in small amounts, protein is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. This is known as trace proteinuria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The condition name is Proteinuria and it's considered a sign of kidney disease and can be caused by these three factors: glomerular defect (Allowing macromolecules such as albumin to cross), tubular defect (Low molecular weight molecule such as macroglobulins are passed in the urine), and overproduction of certain proteins (Leading to excess excretion such as Bence Jones proteins).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The parameters of the liver function test include serum protein, albumin, liver enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, and prothrombin time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased amino acids: from both diet or synthesis as in Malnutrition and Malabsorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ALP indicate biliary disease as Obstructive jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PT stands for Prothrombin Time. It's a test measuring how long it takes for a blood clot to form based on a protein produced by the liver called prothrombin. Abnormal PT values can indicate problems with the liver's ability to produce clotting factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperbilirubinemia is a condition where the level of bilirubin in the blood becomes elevated. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment produced when red blood cells break down. When the bilirubin level is high in the blood, it can cause yellowish discoloration of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemolysis: lysis of RBCs in hemolytic anemia e.g. sickle cell anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the blood can indicate hepatocellular carcinoma, which is a type of liver cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coronary artery disease: e.g. Atherosclerosis, thrombus, embolus and aneurysm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Earliest marker: Myoglobin, disadvantage: Non specific for cardiac damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isozymes are enzymes that catalyze the same biochemical reaction but have slightly different structures and physical properties. They are important for diagnosis because they can be used to identify the tissue or organ from which an enzyme originated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T4</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) levels are typically elevated in hypothyroidism, indicating that the pituitary gland is releasing more TSH to stimulate the thyroid to produce more thyroid hormones. This occurs when the thyroid gland is underactive and not producing enough thyroid hormones. In hyperthyroidism, TSH levels are typically low, as the thyroid gland is overactive and producing too much thyroid hormone. Free T4 levels are usually low in hypothyroidism and high in hyperthyroidism. Low levels often point to hypothyroidism, while high levels might suggest hyperthyroidism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic: increase BMR</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperthyroidism: Symptoms: Weight loss, heat intolerance, tachycardia, tremors. Causes: Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goiter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The biochemical techniques used to assess thyroid function tests (TFT) include ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and RIA (Radioimmunoassay)</p> Signup and view all the answers