48 Questions
Which group of biological molecules has the basic formula Cx(H2O)x?
Carbohydrates
What is the defining characteristic of monosaccharides?
Contain one sugar
How are monosaccharides classified based on the number of carbons?
3-9 carbons
What determines whether a monosaccharide is classified as an aldose or a ketose?
The position of the carbonyl group
What is the storage form of energy in plants?
Inulin
Which polysaccharide cannot be digested by humans?
Cellulose
Which structural carbohydrate exhibits greater strength than others?
Chitin
Which glycosidic linkage is present in cellobiose?
β-1, 4
Which carbohydrate is found in broccoli, beans, and cabbage?
Raffinose
Which carbohydrate is the storage form of carbohydrate in animals?
Glycogen
Which glycosidic linkage is present in amylose?
α-1, 4
Which carbohydrate cannot be digested by humans due to the lack of β-galactosidase?
Cellulose
Which carbohydrate is a copolymer of glucaronate and mannuronate?
Alginate
Which structural carbohydrate is found in brown algae and kelp?
Alginate
Which structural polysaccharide is the most abundant biological molecule on Earth?
Cellulose
Which carbohydrate is a linear polymer of several thousand glucose monomers?
Cellulose
Which type of stereochemistry is most common in naturally occurring carbohydrates?
D stereochemistry
Which of the following is a common D-aldose?
Ribose
What are the envelope-like structures associated with in biochemistry?
Furanoses
What is the process of converting from one anomeric form to the other called?
Mutarotation
How can monosaccharides in their cyclic form be represented?
Using Haworth projections
What are glycosidic bonds?
Linkages that join monosaccharides
What are polysaccharides?
Polymers of monosaccharides
What role do polysaccharides serve in biochemistry?
Both structural roles and as a stored form of energy
What are common disaccharides composed of?
Two glucose molecules
What is the trisaccharide found in certain vegetables, indigestible by humans due to the lack of α-galactosidase?
Raffinose
What are chemically modified monosaccharides?
Monosaccharides with chemical groups added or removed
What determines the type of linkages in polysaccharides?
The type of monosaccharides involved
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of monosaccharides?
Contain one sugar and end in the suffix "-ose"
What determines whether a monosaccharide is classified as an aldose or a ketose?
The presence of aldehyde or ketone functional group
Which carbohydrate is the storage form of carbohydrate in animals?
Glycogen
What is the process of converting from one anomeric form to the other called?
Mutarotation
Which structural carbohydrate is found in brown algae and kelp?
Laminarin
What role do polysaccharides serve in biochemistry?
Energy storage and structural support
Which of the following monosaccharides is a D-ketose?
Fructose
What is the enzyme that degrades raffinose found in certain vegetables?
α-galactosidase
Which form of monosaccharides can be represented using Haworth projections?
Cyclic form
Which linkage is present in amylose?
α-1,4-glycosidic linkage
What is the process of converting from one anomeric form to the other called?
Mutarotation
What type of stereochemistry do most naturally occurring carbohydrates have?
D stereochemistry
What is the structure of raffinose?
Trisaccharide
Which glycosidic linkage is present in inulin?
β-1,4
What is the storage form of carbohydrate in animals?
Glycogen
Which structural carbohydrate exhibits greater strength than others?
Chitin
What is the most abundant biological molecule on Earth?
Cellulose
Cellobiose can be classified as a:
Disaccharide
Based on the structure of cellobiose, it has a ______ glycosidic linkage.
β-1,4
Which carbohydrate is found in chicory and added to many foods?
Inulin
Study Notes
Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides in Biochemistry
- Monosaccharides are classified based on the stereochemistry of the penultimate carbon, with most naturally occurring carbohydrates having D stereochemistry.
- The most common D-aldoses include glucose, mannose, galactose, ribose, and glyceraldehyde, while the most common D-ketoses are fructose, xylulose, and dihydroxyacetone.
- Furanoses have an envelope-like structure, while pyranoses can adopt various conformations such as chair and boat forms.
- Epimers are carbohydrates that differ at one stereocenter, for example, glucose and galactose (C-4 epimer).
- The anomeric carbon is the former carbonyl carbon from the hemiacetal/hemiketal, with α and β anomers resulting from the formation of a new chiral center.
- Mutarotation is the process of converting from one anomeric form to the other, involving the opening and reclosing of cyclic structures.
- Monosaccharides in their cyclic form can be represented using Haworth projections.
- Chemically modified monosaccharides include amino sugars, acylation, sugar alcohols, sugar acids, and deoxy sugars.
- Glycosidic bonds are linkages that join monosaccharides, and they can occur through amines or hydroxyls.
- Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides, serving structural roles or as a stored form of energy.
- Polysaccharides are formed by linkages dependent on α or β linkages and the number of carbons involved in the linkage.
- Common disaccharides include lactose (glucose and galactose), sucrose (glucose and fructose), and maltose (two glucose molecules), each degraded by specific enzymes. Raffinose is a trisaccharide found in certain vegetables, indigestible by humans due to the lack of α-galactosidase.
Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides in Biochemistry
- Monosaccharides are classified based on the stereochemistry of the penultimate carbon, with most naturally occurring carbohydrates having D stereochemistry.
- The most common D-aldoses include glucose, mannose, galactose, ribose, and glyceraldehyde, while the most common D-ketoses are fructose, xylulose, and dihydroxyacetone.
- Furanoses have an envelope-like structure, while pyranoses can adopt various conformations such as chair and boat forms.
- Epimers are carbohydrates that differ at one stereocenter, for example, glucose and galactose (C-4 epimer).
- The anomeric carbon is the former carbonyl carbon from the hemiacetal/hemiketal, with α and β anomers resulting from the formation of a new chiral center.
- Mutarotation is the process of converting from one anomeric form to the other, involving the opening and reclosing of cyclic structures.
- Monosaccharides in their cyclic form can be represented using Haworth projections.
- Chemically modified monosaccharides include amino sugars, acylation, sugar alcohols, sugar acids, and deoxy sugars.
- Glycosidic bonds are linkages that join monosaccharides, and they can occur through amines or hydroxyls.
- Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides, serving structural roles or as a stored form of energy.
- Polysaccharides are formed by linkages dependent on α or β linkages and the number of carbons involved in the linkage.
- Common disaccharides include lactose (glucose and galactose), sucrose (glucose and fructose), and maltose (two glucose molecules), each degraded by specific enzymes. Raffinose is a trisaccharide found in certain vegetables, indigestible by humans due to the lack of α-galactosidase.
Test your knowledge of monosaccharides and polysaccharides in biochemistry with this quiz. Explore the classification of monosaccharides, their cyclic forms, chemically modified types, glycosidic bonds, and the role of polysaccharides as energy stores or structural components. Brush up on disaccharides and their specific enzyme degradation, and enhance your understanding of important biochemical concepts.
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