Biochemistry of Liver Metabolism

<p>Pyruvate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are more soluble in water than fatty acids, allowing them to be transported to tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps regulate blood glucose levels by providing a source of amino acids for gluconeogenesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatty acids cannot cross the blood-brain barrier easily. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesize glycogen from glucose during the post-prandial state. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gamma globulins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The removal of amine groups from amino acids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycogenolysis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged bleeding due to impaired clotting factor production. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Albumin's abundance contributes to the total osmotic pressure of the plasma, influencing fluid balance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decrease in plasma osmolality due to liver dysfunction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a readily available energy source for the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bile salts increase the surface area of fat globules, making them more accessible for digestion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase the drug's solubility in water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Levodopa to Dopamine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing the surface area of fat globules, making them more accessible for lipases. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytochrome P-450 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The liver converts steroid hormones to more hydrophilic forms for easier excretion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bile salts facilitate micelle formation by interacting with the hydrophobic core of the micelle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The liver efficiently stores and releases vitamin A as needed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transporting iron to red blood cell precursors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By converting glycogen to glucose, providing a readily available source of energy. (A), By storing excess glucose as glycogen, decreasing blood glucose levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased drug effectiveness due to faster inactivation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drugs pass through the liver before entering systemic circulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By promoting the differentiation of chondrocytes into osteogenic cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By utilizing Kupffer cells to engulf and destroy bacteria that enter the blood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To bypass the liver and prevent significant drug inactivation before reaching circulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The liver breaks down glycogen to release glucose into the bloodstream. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To transport triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By synthesizing glucose from amino acids and glycerol through gluconeogenesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Galactose. (B), Fructose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce glucose from sources other than carbohydrates, such as amino acids and glycerol. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipogenesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The liver transforms and releases nutrients into the bloodstream, maintaining a balance for different tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diverse roles of the liver essential for health.

Regulation of blood nutrients and glucose supply.

Storage form of glucose in the liver.

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose for energy.

Creation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Water-soluble fats produced from fatty acids.

Proteins synthesized in the liver for blood functions.

Process of removing harmful substances from blood.

Glycogen is stored in hepatocytes and skeletal muscle, with the highest concentration in liver cells.

Liver cells responsible for glycogen storage, lipid regulation, and amino acid synthesis.

Very Low Density Lipoproteins, made by hepatocytes to transport triglycerides and fatty acids in the blood.

High Density Lipoproteins, synthesized by hepatocytes, that scavenge cholesterol and provide apoproteins for lipoproteins.

Building blocks of proteins, with the liver synthesizing non-essential amino acids from skeletal muscle during catabolism.

Amino acids that the body can synthesize, meaning they are not required in the diet unlike essential amino acids.

Compounds in bile that emulsify dietary fats for digestion.

Structures formed by bile salts that encapsulate dietary fats.

Waste product derived from the breakdown of heme in red blood cells.

The process of breaking down hemoglobin to recycle iron and produce bilirubin.

Biotransformation reactions in the liver that make drugs more polar.

A family of enzymes that play a key role in drug metabolism in Phase I.

Liver reactions that further increase drug polarity via conjugation.

Chemical process in Phase II that attaches small compounds to drugs for detoxification.

Primary nitrogenous waste product produced by the liver.

Enzyme that helps convert glucose to glycogen in the liver.

The liver produces and accumulates cholesterol.

Plasma proteins made by the liver that regulate bleeding.

Most abundant plasma protein, aids in fluid balance.

Essential vitamin for synthesis of clotting factors in the liver.

Swelling due to fluid buildup, linked to liver dysfunction.

The process where drugs are metabolized in the liver before reaching systemic circulation.

The liver temporarily stores vitamins A, D, and B12 to prevent deficiencies.

A compound formed from iron and apoferritin, serving as a storage form of iron in the liver.

Polypeptide hormones that mediate the effects of Human Growth Hormone (HGH).

Phagocytic cells in the liver that cleanse bacteria from the blood.

Cells in cartilage that enhance growth influenced by somatomedins.

Bone cells that are stimulated to grow and multiply due to somatomedins.