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What is the primary role of 3’-Phosphoadenosyl-5’-Phosphosulfate (PAPS) in metabolic processes?
What is the primary role of 3’-Phosphoadenosyl-5’-Phosphosulfate (PAPS) in metabolic processes?
Which enzyme is responsible for sulfation of carbohydrate chains?
Which enzyme is responsible for sulfation of carbohydrate chains?
A defect in the process of sulfation may lead to which of the following disorders?
A defect in the process of sulfation may lead to which of the following disorders?
What type of reaction does Uronosyl 5-Epimerase catalyze?
What type of reaction does Uronosyl 5-Epimerase catalyze?
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In which cellular organelle does core protein synthesis occur?
In which cellular organelle does core protein synthesis occur?
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What occurs to core proteins as they move through the ER?
What occurs to core proteins as they move through the ER?
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What is the primary function of glucuronic acid in sulfation?
What is the primary function of glucuronic acid in sulfation?
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What type of biochemical disorder can arise from a defect in glucuronic acid incorporation?
What type of biochemical disorder can arise from a defect in glucuronic acid incorporation?
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Which of the following statements about 3’-Phosphoadenosyl-5’-Phosphosulfate (PAPS) is NOT true?
Which of the following statements about 3’-Phosphoadenosyl-5’-Phosphosulfate (PAPS) is NOT true?
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Which of the following sugar nucleotides serves as a precursor for glycoproteins?
Which of the following sugar nucleotides serves as a precursor for glycoproteins?
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What type of amino acid R-groups are specifically targeted for glycosylation by oligosaccharides?
What type of amino acid R-groups are specifically targeted for glycosylation by oligosaccharides?
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Which of the following statements concerning UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine is true?
Which of the following statements concerning UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine is true?
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What is a common fate of N-linked glycoproteins within the cell?
What is a common fate of N-linked glycoproteins within the cell?
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How are GDP-fucose and GDP-mannose related in terms of biosynthesis?
How are GDP-fucose and GDP-mannose related in terms of biosynthesis?
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What is the significance of the negative charge of CMP-NANA at physiological pH?
What is the significance of the negative charge of CMP-NANA at physiological pH?
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Which of the following is NOT a sugar nucleotide involved in glycoprotein synthesis?
Which of the following is NOT a sugar nucleotide involved in glycoprotein synthesis?
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In what cellular compartment does the glycosylation process occur for proteins synthesized on the ER?
In what cellular compartment does the glycosylation process occur for proteins synthesized on the ER?
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Which type of glycosylation involves the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine from UDP-N-galactosamine?
Which type of glycosylation involves the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine from UDP-N-galactosamine?
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What structural role do carbohydrates play in glycoproteins?
What structural role do carbohydrates play in glycoproteins?
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What type of bond is formed between xylose and the hydroxyl group of serine?
What type of bond is formed between xylose and the hydroxyl group of serine?
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The alternating residues in bacterial cell walls consist mainly of which two components?
The alternating residues in bacterial cell walls consist mainly of which two components?
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Which molecule cleaves the glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine?
Which molecule cleaves the glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine?
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What is the role of penicillin in relation to peptidoglycan?
What is the role of penicillin in relation to peptidoglycan?
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What happens in glycoprotein storage diseases due to enzyme deficiency?
What happens in glycoprotein storage diseases due to enzyme deficiency?
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Lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes are typically characterized as which of the following?
Lysosomal hydrolytic enzymes are typically characterized as which of the following?
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What is the significance of the low optimum pH (pH 5) in lysosomes?
What is the significance of the low optimum pH (pH 5) in lysosomes?
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Which process begins the synthesis of the carbohydrate chain in lysosomes?
Which process begins the synthesis of the carbohydrate chain in lysosomes?
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What is the half-life of hyaluronic acid within lysosomes?
What is the half-life of hyaluronic acid within lysosomes?
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Which of the following statements about keratan sulfate is correct?
Which of the following statements about keratan sulfate is correct?
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What occurs after a vesicle containing phagocytosed material fuses with a lysosome?
What occurs after a vesicle containing phagocytosed material fuses with a lysosome?
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Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the transfer of xylose in carbohydrate synthesis?
Which enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the transfer of xylose in carbohydrate synthesis?
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What type of enzymes are found in lysosomes?
What type of enzymes are found in lysosomes?
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How does sulfation occur during the synthesis of the carbohydrate chain?
How does sulfation occur during the synthesis of the carbohydrate chain?
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In what condition are lysosomal enzymes active?
In what condition are lysosomal enzymes active?
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What is the role of acid hydrolases in lysosomes?
What is the role of acid hydrolases in lysosomes?
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What is required for the synthesis of N-Linked glycosides?
What is required for the synthesis of N-Linked glycosides?
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Where does the synthesis of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides occur?
Where does the synthesis of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides occur?
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Which of the following sugars is NOT part of the oligosaccharide constructed on dolichol?
Which of the following sugars is NOT part of the oligosaccharide constructed on dolichol?
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What characterizes the final processing of N-Linked oligosaccharides?
What characterizes the final processing of N-Linked oligosaccharides?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of conditions caused by defects in N-Linked glycosylation?
Which of the following is a characteristic of conditions caused by defects in N-Linked glycosylation?
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What happens to the oligosaccharide during its transfer from dolichol to protein?
What happens to the oligosaccharide during its transfer from dolichol to protein?
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Which glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is not covalently attached to protein to form proteoglycans?
Which glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is not covalently attached to protein to form proteoglycans?
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Which feature is least likely to be associated with N-Linked glycosylation disorders?
Which feature is least likely to be associated with N-Linked glycosylation disorders?
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What does the removal of specific residues during N-Linked oligosaccharide processing primarily lead to?
What does the removal of specific residues during N-Linked oligosaccharide processing primarily lead to?
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Which of the following substances is most directly linked through a pyrophosphate linkage to the oligosaccharide during its synthesis?
Which of the following substances is most directly linked through a pyrophosphate linkage to the oligosaccharide during its synthesis?
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Study Notes
3’-Phosphoadenosyl-5’-Phosphosulfate (PAPS)
- PAPS is a molecule of AMP with a sulfate group attached to the 5’-phosphate.
- Synthesis occurs after D-glucuronic acid is incorporated into the carbohydrate chain.
- Acts as a source of sulfate and a sulfur donor in glycosphingolipid synthesis.
Sulfotransferase and Sulfation
- Sulfotransferase facilitates sulfation of carbohydrate chains at specific sites.
- Defects in sulfation can lead to autosomal recessive disorders affecting skeletal system development.
Core Protein Synthesis
- Proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are glycosylated by membrane-bound transferases.
Degradation of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
- GAG degradation occurs in lysosomes, containing hydrolytic enzymes active at pH 5, known as acid hydrolases.
- Low pH protects the cell by preventing lysosomal enzymes from functioning in neutral cytosol.
- GAGs have varying half-lives: hyaluronic acid (3 days), chondroitin and dermatan sulfate (10 days), keratan sulfate (120 days).
Synthesis of Carbohydrate Chain
- Initiated by transferring xylose from UDP-xylose to serine/threonine hydroxyl group, catalyzed by xylosyltransferase.
- Sequential addition of sugars occurs, involving alternating acidic and amino sugars and conversion of D-glucuronyl to L-iduronyl residues.
Addition of Sulfate Groups
- Sulfation occurs after monosaccharides are incorporated into the growing carbohydrate chain.
Phagocytosis of GAGs
- GAGs are phagocytosed into a vesicle that fuses with the lysosome, forming a phagolysosome for degradation.
Sugar Nucleotides
- Serve as precursors for glycoprotein carbohydrate components, including UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, and others such as GDP-mannose.
Glycosylation of Proteins
- Oligosaccharides are attached to specific amino acid R-groups based on protein's 3D structure.
- Synthesis of O-linked glycosides occurs in the ER, transferring N-acetylgalactosamine onto seryl or threonyl R-groups.
Synthesis of N-Linked Glycosides
- Occurs in the ER and Golgi apparatus, requiring dolichol and dolichol pyrophosphate.
- Final processing involves removal of initial sugar residues and addition of various sugars.
Structure of Proteoglycans
- All GAGs, except hyaluronic acid, attach covalently to proteins, forming proteoglycan monomers through O-glycosidic bonds to serine residues.
Bacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharides
- Comprise alternating β (1→4)-linked N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine residues, forming a mesh framework through cross-linking tetrapeptides.
Enzymatic Actions
- Lysozyme cleaves glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan, aiding in degradation.
- Penicillin inhibits cross-link formation in peptidoglycan, serving as an antibiotic.
Lysosomal Glycoprotein Degradation
- Lysosomal enzymes remove specific components of glycoproteins sequentially, primarily as exoenzymes.
Glycoprotein Storage Diseases
- Result from deficiencies in degradative enzymes, causing accumulation of partially degraded structures in lysosomes.
- Symptoms correlate with enzyme deficiencies seen in mucopolysaccharidoses and glycolipid degradation issues.
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Description
This quiz covers the biochemistry of 3’-Phosphoadenosyl-5’-Phosphosulfate (PAPS), its role in sulfation and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) degradation. Explore the mechanisms of sulfotransferase, synthesis of core proteins, and the effects of sulfation defects on skeletal development.