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Questions and Answers
What is the correct definition of anabolism?
What is the correct definition of anabolism?
Which statement accurately describes enzyme activity?
Which statement accurately describes enzyme activity?
Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cells?
Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in cells?
What is the primary effect of temperature on enzyme activity?
What is the primary effect of temperature on enzyme activity?
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In biological oxidation-reduction reactions, what occurs during oxidation?
In biological oxidation-reduction reactions, what occurs during oxidation?
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How do enzymes interact with their substrates?
How do enzymes interact with their substrates?
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Which source of energy is associated with molecular motion?
Which source of energy is associated with molecular motion?
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Which of the following statements is NOT true about enzymes?
Which of the following statements is NOT true about enzymes?
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What is the primary purpose of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
What is the primary purpose of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
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Where does the Krebs cycle occur within the cell?
Where does the Krebs cycle occur within the cell?
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After glycolysis, what is the next molecule produced that enters the Krebs cycle?
After glycolysis, what is the next molecule produced that enters the Krebs cycle?
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How many ATP molecules are produced during the Krebs cycle for each molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters?
How many ATP molecules are produced during the Krebs cycle for each molecule of acetyl-CoA that enters?
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What is the main function of the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration?
What is the main function of the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration?
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What is produced during lactic acid fermentation?
What is produced during lactic acid fermentation?
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What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
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Which molecule can serve as an alternative electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration?
Which molecule can serve as an alternative electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration?
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What is a key difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of ATP production?
What is a key difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in terms of ATP production?
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What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
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During alcoholic fermentation, what are the end products?
During alcoholic fermentation, what are the end products?
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What is generated as a waste product during the Krebs cycle?
What is generated as a waste product during the Krebs cycle?
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In which phase of glycolysis is glucose phosphorylated to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?
In which phase of glycolysis is glucose phosphorylated to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?
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Why is fermentation important for cells in anaerobic conditions?
Why is fermentation important for cells in anaerobic conditions?
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What defines the process of catabolism in metabolism?
What defines the process of catabolism in metabolism?
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What role do cofactors play in enzyme function?
What role do cofactors play in enzyme function?
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How do enzymes achieve lower activation energy in chemical reactions?
How do enzymes achieve lower activation energy in chemical reactions?
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What is a characteristic feature of ATP that allows it to serve as the energy currency of the cell?
What is a characteristic feature of ATP that allows it to serve as the energy currency of the cell?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between oxidation and reduction reactions?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between oxidation and reduction reactions?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the characteristics of enzymes?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the characteristics of enzymes?
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Which form of energy is directly associated with the movement of electrons?
Which form of energy is directly associated with the movement of electrons?
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What is one of the primary functions of enzymes in biological systems?
What is one of the primary functions of enzymes in biological systems?
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What is the primary purpose of the Krebs cycle during cellular respiration?
What is the primary purpose of the Krebs cycle during cellular respiration?
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During glycolysis, which molecule is broken down into pyruvate?
During glycolysis, which molecule is broken down into pyruvate?
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What are the end products of lactic acid fermentation?
What are the end products of lactic acid fermentation?
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Which step in the Krebs cycle produces ATP or GTP?
Which step in the Krebs cycle produces ATP or GTP?
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What occurs in the mitochondrial matrix during cellular respiration?
What occurs in the mitochondrial matrix during cellular respiration?
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What role do NADH and FADH₂ play in the electron transport chain?
What role do NADH and FADH₂ play in the electron transport chain?
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In anaerobic respiration, what is the primary purpose of fermentation?
In anaerobic respiration, what is the primary purpose of fermentation?
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How many molecules of ATP are typically produced from one molecule of glucose through aerobic respiration?
How many molecules of ATP are typically produced from one molecule of glucose through aerobic respiration?
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What substance is produced as a waste product during the Krebs cycle?
What substance is produced as a waste product during the Krebs cycle?
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What is the function of acetyl-CoA in cellular respiration?
What is the function of acetyl-CoA in cellular respiration?
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How does alcoholic fermentation contribute to biotechnology?
How does alcoholic fermentation contribute to biotechnology?
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In which phase of the Krebs cycle is citric acid formed?
In which phase of the Krebs cycle is citric acid formed?
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What is the link between the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation?
What is the link between the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation?
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Study Notes
Metabolism
- Metabolism encompasses all the chemical reactions within a cell.
- Two types:
- Anabolism (Biosynthesis): Builds larger molecules from smaller ones, forming cell structures.
- Catabolism: Degrades larger molecules into smaller ones, usually releasing energy.
Enzymes
- Enzymes are protein catalysts that accelerate metabolic reactions.
- They are not consumed or changed by the reaction.
- They have an active site for substrates.
- They lower the activation energy, the energy required to start a reaction.
- Enzyme activity is greatly affected by temperature and pH.
- They require cofactors (non-protein components) for some functions.
Energy Sources and Transfer
- Cells utilize various energy forms: thermal (heat), radiant, electrical, mechanical, atomic, and chemical (energy stored in molecular bonds).
- Oxidation-reduction reactions (redox) are crucial for energy transfer.
- Oxidation: Loss of electrons.
- Reduction: Gain of electrons.
- Redox reactions always occur together.
ATP
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the cell's primary energy currency, providing readily available energy from the bond between the second and third phosphate groups.
- It consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
Aerobic Respiration
- Aerobic respiration, in the presence of oxygen, is the main pathway for ATP production.
- It includes four key stages:
- Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm.
- Pyruvate Decarboxylation: Converts pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix.
- Krebs Cycle: Oxidizes Acetyl-CoA, releasing CO₂ and generating electron carriers (NADH, FADH₂).
- Electron Transport Chain/Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electrons from NADH & FADH₂ power ATP production through ATP synthase.
Glycolysis
- Input: 1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD⁺.
- Output: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP (net gain 2 ATP), 2 NADH.
- Steps: Energy investment, cleavage, energy payoff stages.
- Crucial for linking to Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Krebs Cycle
- Cycle happens in the mitochondrial matrix.
- Input: 2 Acetyl-CoA, 6 NAD⁺, 2 FAD, 2 ADP (or GDP).
- Output: 4 CO₂, 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂, 2 ATP (or GTP).
- Regenerates oxaloacetate; links to oxidative phosphorylation by providing electron carriers.
Aerobic Respiration Summary
- Input: 1 glucose, oxygen.
- Output: CO₂, H₂O, ~36-38 ATP.
Anaerobic Respiration
- Occurs without oxygen.
- Different final electron acceptors (e.g., nitrate, sulfate) than oxygen are used.
- Yields less ATP than aerobic respiration.
- Sometimes follows glycolysis by fermentation reactions to regenerate NAD⁺.
Fermentation
- Fermentation regenerates NAD⁺, allowing glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.
- Different types:
- Lactic acid fermentation: Produces lactate from pyruvate.
- Alcoholic fermentation: Produces ethanol from pyruvate.
Photosynthesis
- Converts light energy to chemical energy in glucose.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in biochemistry, focusing on metabolism and enzymatic functions. It examines both anabolic and catabolic pathways, as well as the role of enzymes as catalysts in cellular reactions. Test your understanding of energy sources and transfer mechanisms.