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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of water in the Hill Reaction?
What is the primary function of water in the Hill Reaction?
Which type of photosynthesis reaction occurs in the chloroplast stroma?
Which type of photosynthesis reaction occurs in the chloroplast stroma?
What is the maximum wavelength of light absorbed by Photosystem I?
What is the maximum wavelength of light absorbed by Photosystem I?
In the context of noncompetitive inhibition, what happens to the enzyme's affinity for the substrate when the inhibitor binds?
In the context of noncompetitive inhibition, what happens to the enzyme's affinity for the substrate when the inhibitor binds?
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Which of the following substances is reduced in the Hill reaction?
Which of the following substances is reduced in the Hill reaction?
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What is the equation associated with Beer’s Law?
What is the equation associated with Beer’s Law?
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What occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
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What does the Hill Reaction produce besides NADPH and O2?
What does the Hill Reaction produce besides NADPH and O2?
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What role does NaCl play in protein solutions?
What role does NaCl play in protein solutions?
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What is the primary role of plasmids in bacterial cells?
What is the primary role of plasmids in bacterial cells?
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Which section of a journal manuscript should provide a brief overview of the methods used?
Which section of a journal manuscript should provide a brief overview of the methods used?
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Which of the following best describes homologous expression?
Which of the following best describes homologous expression?
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What is a critical aspect of the Materials and Methods section?
What is a critical aspect of the Materials and Methods section?
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Why is it important to balance the centrifuge when loading sample tubes?
Why is it important to balance the centrifuge when loading sample tubes?
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Which of the following should NOT be included in the Results section?
Which of the following should NOT be included in the Results section?
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What is the effect of the alkaline pH in Solution I during plasmid purification?
What is the effect of the alkaline pH in Solution I during plasmid purification?
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Which component in Solution I helps protect cells from osmotic shock?
Which component in Solution I helps protect cells from osmotic shock?
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What should the Introduction section of a journal manuscript include?
What should the Introduction section of a journal manuscript include?
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What is the primary purpose of using EDTA in Solution I?
What is the primary purpose of using EDTA in Solution I?
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What is a key characteristic of the title in a journal manuscript?
What is a key characteristic of the title in a journal manuscript?
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How does the size of chromosomal DNA compare to plasmid DNA during centrifugation?
How does the size of chromosomal DNA compare to plasmid DNA during centrifugation?
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What is an important element to include in the discussion section of a manuscript?
What is an important element to include in the discussion section of a manuscript?
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What is the result of differential centrifugation in plasmid purification?
What is the result of differential centrifugation in plasmid purification?
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Which statement correctly describes the use of graphs and tables in the Results section?
Which statement correctly describes the use of graphs and tables in the Results section?
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What property allows proteins to migrate through the gel in SDS-PAGE?
What property allows proteins to migrate through the gel in SDS-PAGE?
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What does SDS do to proteins during the electrophoresis process?
What does SDS do to proteins during the electrophoresis process?
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What does the partition coefficient (Kav) measure?
What does the partition coefficient (Kav) measure?
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What is the primary function of the stacking gel in a polyacrylamide gel?
What is the primary function of the stacking gel in a polyacrylamide gel?
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Which of the following describes the void volume (Vo)?
Which of the following describes the void volume (Vo)?
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How does the presence of glycosylation affect the migration of proteins in SDS-PAGE?
How does the presence of glycosylation affect the migration of proteins in SDS-PAGE?
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Which tracking molecule is commonly used to determine the void volume in a column?
Which tracking molecule is commonly used to determine the void volume in a column?
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What is the primary factor contributing to the formation of alpha helices in proteins?
What is the primary factor contributing to the formation of alpha helices in proteins?
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What is the role of the resolving gel in SDS-PAGE?
What is the role of the resolving gel in SDS-PAGE?
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What does Ve represent in the elution process?
What does Ve represent in the elution process?
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What staining method is mentioned as effective for visualizing proteins in gels?
What staining method is mentioned as effective for visualizing proteins in gels?
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Which statement accurately describes beta structures in proteins?
Which statement accurately describes beta structures in proteins?
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How can the bed volume (Vt) be determined?
How can the bed volume (Vt) be determined?
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In tertiary protein structure, what additional bond formation occurs beyond those found in secondary structure?
In tertiary protein structure, what additional bond formation occurs beyond those found in secondary structure?
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In a plot of Kav versus log of molecular weight, which is plotted on the x-axis?
In a plot of Kav versus log of molecular weight, which is plotted on the x-axis?
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Which protein is most abundant in the blood sera of mammals?
Which protein is most abundant in the blood sera of mammals?
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What is a characteristic of enzymes regarding substrate binding?
What is a characteristic of enzymes regarding substrate binding?
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What rule governs the spatial arrangement of amino acid side chains in protein folding?
What rule governs the spatial arrangement of amino acid side chains in protein folding?
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What factor does not influence the migration rate of proteins in a gel?
What factor does not influence the migration rate of proteins in a gel?
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Which of the following statements about Kav is incorrect?
Which of the following statements about Kav is incorrect?
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Which type of amino acids tend to be found on the surface of a folded protein?
Which type of amino acids tend to be found on the surface of a folded protein?
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What is a significant feature of the folding tendency of proteins regarding hydrogen bonds?
What is a significant feature of the folding tendency of proteins regarding hydrogen bonds?
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What method is commonly used to solve the structural elucidation of proteins up to 25 kD in size?
What method is commonly used to solve the structural elucidation of proteins up to 25 kD in size?
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What reaction occurs between sulfhydryl groups of cysteine in protein folding?
What reaction occurs between sulfhydryl groups of cysteine in protein folding?
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Study Notes
Biochemistry Lab I Final Review - Pipettors
- Pipettors precisely measure and transfer small liquid volumes.
- Accuracy is the difference between the dialed volume and delivered volume.
- Precision is the ability to repeatedly deliver a set volume.
- Pipettor parts include: body, plunger button, tip ejector, shaft, and volume adjustment dial.
- Tips are placed on the shaft to prevent cross-contamination and liquid from entering the shaft.
Biochemistry Lab I Final Review - Pipettor Scales
- P10 and P20: last digit in the window is a decimal. The digits representing decimal places are often red.
- P200: no decimal places.
- P1000: the "ones" place is not represented because it is not accurate for single µl volumes.
Biochemistry Lab I Final Review - Choosing the Correct Pipettor
- Correct pipettor: the pipettor is accurate down to 10% of its maximum volume.
- Set the desired volume on the volume adjustment dial.
- Attach a disposable tip to the shaft.
Biochemistry Lab I Final Review - Lab Math and Making Solutions
- Percent (%) Solutions: x grams (or mL) of solute per 100 mL total volume.
-
Molarity (M): Moles of solute per liter of solution.
- (Formula weight) * (Desired Volume) * (Desired Molarity) = Grams needed.
Biochemistry Lab I Final Review - Plasmid Purification
- Plasmids: Extrachromosomal DNA pieces that carry genetic information in bacteria. Plasmids are often circular (but not always) and double-stranded.
- Homologous Expression: expressing a gene in its natural organism.
- Heterologous Expression: expressing a gene in a non-native organism.
- Centrifugation: Balancing sample tubes in the rotor is vital. Blank tubes of equal weight are used if necessary.
Biochemistry Lab I Final Review - Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
- Agarose gel electrophoresis separates DNA based on size.
- Higher percentage agarose gels have lower porosity, better resolution, and higher resolving power.
- DNA can exist in different forms (linear, supercoiled, circular, etc.).
- High molecular weight products are often genomic DNA.
- Low molecular weight fuzzy bands suggest RNA fragments.
Biochemistry Lab I Final Review - Restriction Digest
- Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific recognition sites.
- Restriction enzymes cut DNA to produce sticky or blunt ends.
- Sticky ends (single-stranded overhangs) are easier to ligate, whereas blunt cuts (no overhangs) are less efficient.
- Isoschizomers: restriction endonucleases that recognize the same sequence and cleave at the same site.
- Neoschizomers recognize the same sequence but cleave at different sites
Biochemistry Lab I Final Review - Gel Visualization
- Ethidium bromide glows under UV light to visualize DNA bands.
- GelGreen is a safer alternative to EtBr.
Biochemistry Lab I Final Review - Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE)
- Polyacrylamide gels have higher resolving power than agarose gels.
- Native PAGE: proteins migrate based on size, shape, and charge.
- SDS-PAGE: proteins are denatured and coated with SDS; migration depends strictly on their molecular weight.
Biochemistry Lab I Final Review - Protein Structures
- Primary Structure: Linear amino acid sequence.
- Secondary Structure: Alpha helices and beta sheets.
- Tertiary Structure: 3D folding of a single polypeptide chain.
- Quaternary Structure: Association of multiple polypeptide subunits.
Biochemistry Lab I Final Review - Protein Crystallization
- Crystallization of proteins is needed to solve high-resolution structures using X-ray diffraction.
- Crystals need to be well-ordered and have repeating lattice structures.
- Hanging-drop method is often used to grow protein crystals.
Biochemistry Lab I Final Review - Lysozyme
- Lysozyme is a protein found in tears and saliva.
- Lysozyme helps weaken bacterial cell walls.
- The presence of salts in the crystal solution influences the successful growth of crystals.
Biochemistry Lab I Final Review - Size Exclusion Chromatography
- Size exclusion chromatography separates molecules based on their size (Stokes Radius).
- Smaller molecules enter the porous beads more readily and elute later.
- Larger molecules are excluded and elute earlier.
- The column contains porous beads.
Biochemistry Lab I Final Review - Chloroplasts and Hill Reaction
- Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy.
- Light Reactions: occur in the thylakoids of the chloroplast. These reactions produce ATP and NADPH.
- Dark Reactions: occur in the stroma of the chloroplast. These reactions use ATP and NADPH to synthesize sugars.
- Hill Reaction: H2O is the electron donor and A is the electron acceptor.
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Prepare for your Biochemistry Lab I exam with this comprehensive review on pipettors. Learn about the accuracy and precision of pipettors, their components, and how to choose the correct one for your experiments. This quiz covers essential information that will help you excel in laboratory practices.
