Biochemistry Hormones and Enzymes Quiz

Hormone Function in Glycogen Synthesis

• Insulin primarily promotes glycogen synthesis.

Enzyme Converting Glucose 6-Phosphate to Glucose 1-Phosphate

• Phosphoglucomutase converts glucose 6-phosphate to glucose 1-phosphate.

Vitamin NOT a PDH Complex Coenzyme

• Vitamin C is not a coenzyme in the PDH complex.

Citric Acid Cycle Reaction Producing FADH2

• The oxidation of succinate to fumarate produces FADH2 in the citric acid cycle.

Unique Characteristic of Ketone Bodies

• Ketone bodies can cross the blood-brain barrier.
• They are produced primarily in the liver, not adipose tissue.

Bile Salts Role in Lipid Processing

• Bile salts emulsify dietary lipids in the intestine.

Hormone Stimulating Bicarbonate Release

• Secretin stimulates bicarbonate release from the pancreas.

Role of Complex II in Electron Transport Chain

• Complex II oxidizes succinate to fumarate, transferring electrons to ubiquinone.

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Role

• The inner mitochondrial membrane regulates the transport of specific molecules.
• It's a barrier, housing enzymes for glycolysis.

Citrate Synthase Mutation Impact

• A genetic mutation affecting citrate synthase impairs the citric acid cycle.
• This leads to fatigue and reduced ATP production, as oxaloacetate cannot combine with acetyl-CoA.

Succinate to Fumarate Conversion Enzyme

• The enzyme catalyzing the conversion of succinate to fumarate is succinate dehydrogenase

ATP Production Reduction in Complex IV Defect

• A defect in Complex IV of the electron transport chain reduces ATP production.
• This is because NADH cannot transfer electrons to the chain.
• This prevents the proton gradient from forming properly.

Complex III Defect Impact

• A defect in Complex III reduces ATP production.
• The reduced ATP production is due to electrons failing to reach oxygen.
• Preventing proton pumping creates a low AG gradient.

High Ketone Levels and Fatty Acid Oxidation

• A 16-carbon fatty acid undergoing beta-oxidation and entering the citric acid cycle yields 23 NADH molecules.

Glycerol Conversion to Glycolytic Intermediate

• Glycerol kinase converts glycerol into a glycolytic intermediate.

Urea Cycle Location

• The urea cycle primarily occurs in the liver.

Enzyme Initiating Glycogen Breakdown

• Glycogen phosphorylase initiates glycogen breakdown.

Insulin Receptor for Glucose Uptake

• The insulin receptor involved in glucose uptake is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR).

Hormonal Imbalance in Elevated Blood Glucose & Triglycerides

• An imbalance of decreased insulin and increased glucagon activity is a likely contributing factor.

PDH Complex Regulation

• The PDH complex activity isn't regulated by fatty acid prevalence.
• It's regulated by ratios of ATP/ADP and NADH/NAD+.
• It's also regulated by Zn2+ and Ca2+.

Enzyme Linked to NADH Reduction

• Malate dehydrogenase is linked to the reduction of NADH.

Heme Group Belonging to an Electron Carrier

• Heme belongs to a-type cytochrome.

Enzyme in Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport Chain

• Succinate dehydrogenase is involved in both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain.

Lipoprotein Lipase Activation & Triglyceride Conversion

• Lipoprotein lipase is activated by apoC-II in the capillaries or apoC-II in the small intestine.
• It converts triacylglycerols into fatty acids and monoacylglycerols.

Biotin Deficiency Disease

• A biotin deficiency can lead to fatty liver disease.

Enzyme Triggered by Vigorous Muscle Activity

• Glycogen phosphorylase a is the first enzyme triggered by vigorous muscle activity.

Glycogenin Mechanism

• The glycogenin mechanism begins with the formation of a glycosidic bond between the glucose of UDP-glucose and a tyrosine (Tyr) group of glycogenin.

Zymogens Activated by Trypsin

• Trypsin activates trypsinogen.
• Trypsin also activates precarboxypeptidases A and B.

Beige Adipocytes Characteristics

• Beige adipocytes can be converted by cold exposure.
• Beige adipocytes are much richer in mitochondria than white adipocytes.
• They produce uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1).

Phosphoglucomutase Role in Glycogenolysis

• Phosphoglucomutase converts glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate.
• This allows for glucose to be used in other processes.

Glycogen Synthesis Nucleotide

• UTP is the nucleotide used for glycogen synthesis.

ATP Effect on PDH and Citric Acid Cycle

• ATP inhibits PDH kinase allowing PDF to function and the citric acid cycle to continue.

Citric Acid Cycle Coenzyme

• B6, CoA, and FAD are coenzymes used in the citric acid cycle.

Ketone Body Production Location

• Ketone bodies produced in the liver.

Fatty Acid Oxidation Mitochondrial Membrane Molecule

• Carnitine acyltransferase I is found on the inner side of the mitochondrial membrane.

Glucose-6-Phosphate Inhibition of Hexokinase

• Glucose-6-phosphate inhibits hexokinase by allosteric feedback inhibition; it binds at a site other than the active site.

Test your knowledge on the role of hormones and enzymes in biochemical processes. This quiz covers topics like glycogen synthesis, the citric acid cycle, and ketone bodies. Perfect for students studying biochemistry fundamentals.