Biochemistry Glycolysis and β-Oxidation Quiz

The process by which fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA, a crucial molecule for energy production.

A family of proteins found in the blood that bind and transport fatty acids to various tissues.

Fatty acids released from triacylglycerols, primarily in the bloodstream.

A four-step process that repeats itself, breaking down fatty acids into two-carbon units (acetyl-CoA).

The specialized compartment within cells where the enzymes required for β-oxidation are located.

The final product of β-oxidation, a two-carbon molecule that can enter the citric acid cycle for further energy production.

The process of breaking down fats (triacylglycerols) to release free fatty acids for energy.

The removal of electrons from molecules, such as fatty acids, during β-oxidation.

The first intermediate in fatty acid synthesis, which inhibits the enzyme Acyltransferase I, preventing simultaneous synthesis and degradation of fatty acids.

A molecule formed from a fatty acid linked to carnitine, which allows the fatty acid to cross the mitochondrial membrane for oxidation.

A transporter protein that facilitates the movement of fatty acyl-carnitine into the mitochondrial matrix and carnitine back out.

The enzyme that removes two carbons from a fatty acid (as acetyl-CoA) during β-oxidation, generating NADH and FADH2.

The process where acetyl-CoA produced from fatty acid breakdown is further oxidized to CO2 in the mitochondria.

The stage of fatty acid oxidation where the reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons to the electron transport chain, generating ATP.

The process of breaking down fatty acids into energy (ATP) in the mitochondria.

A specific enzyme involved in the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. It repositions double bonds, converting cis isomers to trans isomers, facilitating further processing in beta-oxidation.

A crucial enzyme in the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. It works in conjunction with enoyl-CoA isomerase to modify the fatty acid for beta-oxidation.

A metabolic pathway that converts carbohydrates into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH. It occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.

The primary sugar substrate for plant respiration, transported throughout the plant for energy production.

A plant enzyme that degrades sucrose by combining it with UDP, producing fructose and UDP-glucose.

A specific type of enzyme that converts UDP-glucose and pyrophosphate (PPi) into UTP and glucose-6-phosphate.

Enzymes that break down sucrose into its component hexoses, glucose, and fructose.

Organelles like chloroplasts and amyloplasts that also supply substrates for glycolysis. Starch is synthesized and stored within them.

The movement of electrons from NADH to molecular oxygen (O2) within the mitochondria.

The mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH, so shuttles are needed to carry electrons across the membrane.

A shuttle system that uses glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase and FAD to transfer electrons from NADH in the cytosol to the ETC in the mitochondria.

A shuttle system that uses malate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase to transfer electrons from NADH in the cytosol to the ETC in the mitochondria.

The enzyme in the cytosol that uses NADH to reduce dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol-3-phosphate.

The enzyme located in the mitochondrial membrane that uses FAD to oxidize glycerol-3-phosphate back to dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

The enzyme in the citric acid cycle that produces GTP in animals but ATP in plants.

The process by which fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon acetyl-CoA units, generating energy.

A pathway for oxidizing NADH in plant mitochondria that is sensitive to inhibition by rotenone and piericidin.

A pathway for oxidizing NADH in plant mitochondria that is resistant to rotenone inhibition, using alternative dehydrogenases.

An alternative oxidase that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water without utilizing cytochrome c oxidase, making it resistant to cyanide inhibition.

A type of NADPH dehydrogenase located on the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Two Ca2+-dependent NAD(P)H dehydrogenases located on the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The process in which electrons are passed from the ubiquinone pool to the alternative oxidase, bypassing cytochrome c oxidase.

A compound known to inhibit the alternative oxidase pathway.

The ability of plant tissues to maintain some level of respiration even in the presence of cyanide, which inhibits cytochrome c oxidase.

An enzyme present in plant mitochondria responsible for converting malate to pyruvate, carbon dioxide, and NADH. This reaction is unique to plants and contributes to their ability to utilize malate as an energy source.

A key enzyme in the citric acid cycle responsible for the isomerization of citrate to isocitrate. It contains an iron-sulfur center crucial for both substrate binding and the addition or removal of water during the reaction.

The only enzyme of the citric acid cycle that is embedded in the mitochondrial membrane. It catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate, generating FADH2, which donates electrons to the electron transport chain.

A molecule that acts as a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, blocking the enzyme's activity and stopping the citric acid cycle. Its structure resembles succinate, preventing it from entering the active site.

The citric acid cycle is considered amphibolic because it participates in both catabolic (breakdown) and anabolic (synthesis) pathways. It breaks down glucose to generate energy but also supplies intermediates for other vital biosynthetic processes in the cell.

Reactions that replenish the supply of intermediates in the citric acid cycle. These reactions are vital to ensure a continuous flow in the cycle, which is essential for energy production.

Pyruvate, the product of glycolysis, must be transported into the mitochondria, the site of the citric acid cycle. This transport requires a specific protein to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane.

An important enzyme in the anaplerotic pathway that converts pyruvate into oxaloacetate in the liver and kidneys. This reaction replenishes the concentration of oxaloacetate, a key intermediate in the citric acid cycle.