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Questions and Answers
What is produced along with pyruvate during aerobic metabolism?
What is produced along with pyruvate during aerobic metabolism?
- Lactate
- Eight ATP molecules (correct)
- Triglycerides
- Two ATP molecules
Which enzyme secreted in saliva initiates the digestion of carbohydrates?
Which enzyme secreted in saliva initiates the digestion of carbohydrates?
- Lipase
- Amylase (correct)
- Protease
- Glycogenase
During anaerobic metabolism in muscles, what is the final product generated?
During anaerobic metabolism in muscles, what is the final product generated?
- Pyruvate
- Lactate (correct)
- ATP
- Fatty acids
Which of the following fates of glucose produces the least amount of ATP?
Which of the following fates of glucose produces the least amount of ATP?
What is the primary role of mitochondria in aerobic metabolism?
What is the primary role of mitochondria in aerobic metabolism?
What is the primary product formed after the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?
What is the primary product formed after the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate in glycolysis?
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate in glycolysis?
How many molecules of ATP are produced per cycle during this step of glycolysis?
How many molecules of ATP are produced per cycle during this step of glycolysis?
What happens to the phosphate group lost from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate during the reaction?
What happens to the phosphate group lost from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate during the reaction?
What is the net ATP yield at the end of glycolysis after accounting for the ATP used?
What is the net ATP yield at the end of glycolysis after accounting for the ATP used?
Why is this step of glycolysis considered a substrate-level phosphorylation?
Why is this step of glycolysis considered a substrate-level phosphorylation?
What is the significance of producing two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules at this stage?
What is the significance of producing two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules at this stage?
What is the reason for the reversible nature of the reaction converting 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate?
What is the reason for the reversible nature of the reaction converting 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate?
What type of reaction converts D-glucose into D-arabinose while incorporating an amino group?
What type of reaction converts D-glucose into D-arabinose while incorporating an amino group?
Which product is formed from the osazone reaction involving aldose?
Which product is formed from the osazone reaction involving aldose?
What is the other name for sucrose?
What is the other name for sucrose?
Which of the following statements about sucrose is true?
Which of the following statements about sucrose is true?
Which disaccharide is referred to as malt sugar or beer sugar?
Which disaccharide is referred to as malt sugar or beer sugar?
Which reaction involves the addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen from a molecule?
Which reaction involves the addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen from a molecule?
What type of linkage allows for the digestion of maltose by humans?
What type of linkage allows for the digestion of maltose by humans?
Which of the following compounds is classified as an amino sugar?
Which of the following compounds is classified as an amino sugar?
What occurs during the reduction reaction?
What occurs during the reduction reaction?
Which substance can contain up to 20% by mass of sucrose?
Which substance can contain up to 20% by mass of sucrose?
What is the primary enzyme responsible for breaking down starches in the mouth?
What is the primary enzyme responsible for breaking down starches in the mouth?
What is the product formed during the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate?
What is the product formed during the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate?
Which enzyme acts as the rate-limiting factor during the phosphorylation process in glycolysis?
Which enzyme acts as the rate-limiting factor during the phosphorylation process in glycolysis?
What is the role of ATP in the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate?
What is the role of ATP in the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate?
Which metabolic pathway can fructose-1,6-bisphosphate exclusively enter?
Which metabolic pathway can fructose-1,6-bisphosphate exclusively enter?
What happens to excess glucose in the body?
What happens to excess glucose in the body?
What is required for the activity of phosphofructokinase (PFK)?
What is required for the activity of phosphofructokinase (PFK)?
What characterizes the reaction during phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate?
What characterizes the reaction during phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate?
What is produced during the oxidation and decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate?
What is produced during the oxidation and decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate?
What inhibits the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex?
What inhibits the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex?
What is the outcome of the reaction catalyzed by succinyl CoA synthetase?
What is the outcome of the reaction catalyzed by succinyl CoA synthetase?
Which component acts as an electron acceptor during the alpha-ketoglutarate oxidation?
Which component acts as an electron acceptor during the alpha-ketoglutarate oxidation?
What type of pathway is the citric acid cycle classified as?
What type of pathway is the citric acid cycle classified as?
What does the term 'substrate-level phosphorylation' refer to in the context of the citric acid cycle?
What does the term 'substrate-level phosphorylation' refer to in the context of the citric acid cycle?
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA?
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA?
How does alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase resemble pyruvate dehydrogenase?
How does alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase resemble pyruvate dehydrogenase?
Which product is obtained after the cleavage of succinyl CoA?
Which product is obtained after the cleavage of succinyl CoA?
What role does calcium play in the activity of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex?
What role does calcium play in the activity of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex?
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Study Notes
Glycolysis - Step 5
- 1,3-biphosphoglycerate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate
- enzyme: phosphoglycerokinase
- loss of phosphate group from 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
- phosphate is transferred to ADP, yielding the first ATP in this process
- two ATPs are produced as there are two molecules of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate
- this is a substrate-level phosphorylation where ATP is produced without the electron transport chain
Lobry de Bruyn Degradation
- interconversion or transformation from aldose to ketose or from ketose to aldose
- produces unsaturated alcohol
Osazone Reaction
- carbonyl group of aldose is linked to phenylhydrazine
- product is called osazone
Oxidation Reaction
- addition of oxygen to a molecule or removal of hydrogen from a molecule
- produces sugar acid
Reduction Reaction
- addition of hydrogen to a molecule or removal of oxygen from a molecule
Disaccharide
- contains two monosaccharide units
- covalently bonded to each other
Sucrose
- table sugar
- most abundant disaccharide
- produced commercially from sugarcane and sugar beets
- non-reducing sugar
- head to head linkages
- glucose + fructose
Maltose
- malt sugar, beer sugar
- easily digested by humans due to enzymes that break alpha-1,4 linkages
- not beta-1,4-linkages of cellobiose
Fates of Glucose
- ATP production
- amino acid and triglyceride synthesis
- glycogen synthesis
- digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth with saliva
- saliva contains an enzyme called amylase that begins the breakdown of sugars to carbohydrates
- excess glucose is converted to glycogen, which is sometimes stored in fats and proteins
Ptyalin
- starch hydrolyzing enzyme produced by the salivary glands, particularly from salivary amylase
Glycolysis - Step 3
- phosphorylation using ATP
- fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
- second mol of ATP is consumed
- enzyme: phosphofructokinase (PFK), rate-limiting enzyme, requires Mg2+ ion for activity
- irreversible reaction
- product: fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Krebs Cycle
- also known as the citric acid cycle, named after Hans Adolf Krebs
- aerobic pathway requiring oxygen
- final pathway where the oxidative catabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids converge
- carbon skeletons are converted to CO2
Krebs Cycle - Step 4
- oxidation of alpha-ketoglutarate and formation of CO2
- via oxidation and decarboxylation
- second step to produce NADH and CO2
- alpha-ketoglutarate is oxidatively decarboxylated to succinyl CoA by alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
- alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is activated by calcium and inhibited by NADH and succinyl CoA
Krebs Cycle - Step 5
- thioester bond cleavage in succinyl CoA and phosphorylation of GDP
- via phosphorylation
- substrate-level phosphorylation
- step producing GTP
- succinyl CoA acts by the enzyme succinyl CoA synthetase, forming succinyl phosphate then acting by succinyl CoA synthetase, forming succinate and GTP (guanosine triphosphate)
Aerobic Respiration (Mitochondria)
- involves oxygen
- converts glucose to pyruvate and ATP
- pyruvate is burned for energy and then converted into fats via fatty acid synthesis
- could undergo TCA or Krebs cycle
- final product is pyruvate along with the production of eight ATP molecules
Anaerobic Respiration (Cytoplasm)
- includes ATP production and has recycled NADH by making the product lactate (muscles)
- final product is lactate along with the production of two ATP molecules
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