Harper's Biochemistry Chapter 17 - Glycolysis & the Oxidation of Pyruvate
95 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the effect of increased [ATP]/[ADP] on kinase activation?

  • It has no effect on the kinase.
  • It activates the kinase. (correct)
  • It reverses the function of the kinase.
  • It inhibits the kinase.

    • How does 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate affect hemoglobin's function?

  • It decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. (correct)
  • It has no effect on hemoglobin's oxygen affinity.
  • It increases the efficiency of oxygen uptake only.
  • It increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

    • What happens to glycolysis when there are elevated fatty acid levels?

  • Pyruvate is oxidized more rapidly.
  • Pyruvate oxidation decreases. (correct)
  • Glycolysis is stimulated.
  • ATP levels increase significantly.

    • Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

    <p>Pyruvate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can lead to lactic acidosis as a result of pyruvate accumulation?

    <p>Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NADH in the glycolytic pathway?

    <p>It helps regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process does not yield any net ATP from glycolysis?

    <p>Conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the activation of the enzyme responsible for lipogenesis in adipose tissue?

    <p>Insulin signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of inhibition of pyruvate oxidation?

    <p>Development of lactic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most likely to affect the ability to metabolize lactate?

    <p>Thiamin deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of NADH in glycolysis?

    <p>To regenerate NAD+ for continued glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is involved in the regulation of the glycolytic pathway?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what condition does glycolysis primarily provide ATP?

    <p>In the absence of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates allosteric effects in metabolic regulation?

    <p>Wavy arrows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regulation involves the inhibition of an enzyme by its end product?

    <p>Feedback inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under anaerobic conditions, which compound is produced from pyruvate?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cofactor is essential for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

    <p>Thiamin diphosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes a key step in glycolysis and is subject to allosteric regulation?

    <p>Phosphofructokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the results of inherited pyruvate kinase deficiency?

    <p>Hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does NAD+ play in the glycolytic pathway?

    <p>Regenerates during glycolysis for oxidation of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic consequence is likely from impaired pyruvate metabolism?

    <p>Neurologic disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is NOT involved in catalyzing nonequilibrium reactions in glycolysis?

    <p>Aldolase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compound can bypass the first ATP-generating step in glycolysis in erythrocytes?

    <p>2,3-bisphosphoglycerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome when pyruvate oxidation is impaired in certain tissues?

    <p>Pyruvate is diverted to lactate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is NOT involved in the gluconeogenesis pathway?

    <p>Phosphofructokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does insulin influence the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

    <p>It promotes glycolysis over gluconeogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NAD in glycolysis during hypoxic conditions?

    <p>It is recycled to support glycolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition describes the cause for lactate production in erythrocytes?

    <p>Absence of mitochondria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does fructose metabolism differ from glucose metabolism in terms of regulatory steps?

    <p>Fructose bypasses the main regulatory steps of glycolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is crucial for the conversion of pyruvate to glucose in gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major metabolic imbalance can occur in tissues with a high rate of anaerobic glycolysis?

    <p>Accumulation of NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor limits pyruvate oxidation in specific muscle fibers during high work output?

    <p>Reduced oxygen delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do the products acetyl-CoA and NADH have on pyruvate dehydrogenase?

    <p>They inhibit its activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does phosphorylation affect the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase?

    <p>It decreases the enzyme's activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does NAD+ play in the reaction catalyzed by the reduced flavoprotein?

    <p>It is transformed into NADH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of the intermediates being channeled in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

    <p>Increases the rate of reaction and prevents side reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of glycolysis, which compound is produced alongside NADH during the conversion of pyruvate?

    <p>Acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for dephosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in order to increase its activity?

    <p>Phosphatase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced as a byproduct of the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction aside from NADH and acetyl-CoA?

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic condition may bypass the first site of ATP formation in erythrocytes?

    <p>Anaerobic glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is false?

    <p>Intermediates can dissociate from the active sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chemical modification is indicated for regulating pyruvate dehydrogenase activity?

    <p>Phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does inherited aldolase A deficiency primarily affect erythrocytes?

    <p>It causes hemolytic anemia due to inefficient glycolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of impaired pyruvate metabolism in tissues?

    <p>Development of lactic acidosis due to excess pyruvate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzing a nonequilibrium reaction in glycolysis is primarily affected by glucose transport regulation?

    <p>Hexokinase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is lactate produced from pyruvate mainly observed?

    <p>Under anaerobic conditions such as in exercising muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical function of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in erythrocytes?

    <p>To decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for O2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using glycogen over glucose for anaerobic glycolysis in muscle?

    <p>Glycogen phosphorylase yields glucose-1-phosphate, saving ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many moles of ATP are produced per mole of glucose when glycogen is utilized?

    <p>3 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of anaerobic glycolysis when glucose is metabolized?

    <p>Lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the glycerophosphate shuttle yield in terms of ATP production?

    <p>1.5 ATP per NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme facilitates the conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate?

    <p>Phosphohexose isomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of ATP consumption, what is significant about the initial formation of glycogen?

    <p>It consumes ATP initially but saves it during glycolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does glucose-6-phosphate play in glycolysis?

    <p>It regulates the flux through glycolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule acts as a precursor leading to the production of pyruvate in glycolysis?

    <p>Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of glycogen phosphorylase in glycolysis?

    <p>To yield glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to ATP levels when glycogen is converted to glucose-1-phosphate for anaerobic glycolysis?

    <p>More ATP is generated than consumed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathway does pyruvate follow under anaerobic conditions?

    <p>Reduction to lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the regulation of glycolysis at non-equilibrium reactions?

    <p>Phosphofructokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the pathway that pyruvate follows?

    <p>Availability of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the presence of high ATP concentrations, which glycolytic enzyme is significantly inhibited?

    <p>Phosphofructokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is NADH reoxidized under aerobic conditions?

    <p>Through the glycerophosphate shuttle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of accumulating ADP in a cell?

    <p>Activation of phosphofructokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pyruvate in the mitochondria under aerobic conditions?

    <p>It is transported and decarboxylated to acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following shuttles is involved in transferring reducing equivalents into mitochondria?

    <p>Glycerophosphate shuttle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is lactate produced in tissues functioning under hypoxic conditions?

    <p>Due to a lack of sufficient oxygen for pyruvate conversion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the metabolic consequence of a failure to oxidize NADH in the cytosol?

    <p>Inhibition of glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of lipoic acid contributes to its function in the enzyme complex?

    <p>It possesses a long flexible arm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is essential for the activity of PDH phosphatase?

    <p>Magnesium (Mg2+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary functional consequence of the amide link of lipoic acid to the enzyme?

    <p>Enables sequential rotation between active sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) when it is phosphorylated?

    <p>It is inhibited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do NADH and acetyl-CoA influence pyruvate dehydrogenase activity?

    <p>They act as competitive inhibitors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regulatory mechanism is indicated for the activation of the PDH complex?

    <p>Insulin signaling in adipose tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Ca2+ play in the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase?

    <p>It stimulates PDH activity indirectly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule acts as a substrate for the PDH complex alongside pyruvate?

    <p>CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT a product of the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does dichloroacetate have on pyruvate metabolism?

    <p>Activates PDH by inhibiting the PDH kinase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in cancer cells as a result of high rates of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions?

    <p>Pyruvate is reduced to lactate to regenerate NAD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of mitochondrial reoxidation of NADH being impaired due to low oxygen availability?

    <p>Accumulation of pyruvate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main limitations of glycolysis when operating under anaerobic conditions?

    <p>It leads to high levels of glucose consumption for ATP generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In yeast and some microorganisms, what happens to pyruvate formed during anaerobic glycolysis?

    <p>It is decarboxylated and subsequently reduced to ethanol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metabolic effect is seen in muscle due to deficiencies in glycolytic enzymes like pyruvate kinase?

    <p>Fatigue and reduced energy production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does lactic acidosis differ between Type A and Type B conditions?

    <p>Type B is associated with poor tissue oxygenation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the high protein synthesis in the liver during cancer cachexia?

    <p>Augmented lactate production from muscle glycolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lactate produced during anaerobic glycolysis?

    <p>It helps to replenish NAD to allow glycolysis to continue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following biochemical concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Glycolysis = The main pathway of glucose utilization Substrate-level phosphorylation = Direct donation of phosphate to ADP from an intermediate Triose phosphate = A C3 compound involved in glycolysis NAD+ = A cofactor essential for glycolytic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following glycolysis products with their corresponding balances in the reaction:

    <p>Glucose = Starting molecule for glycolysis Lactate = End product of anaerobic metabolism ATP = Energy currency generated during glycolysis H2O = Byproduct of glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following molecules with their roles in glycolysis:

    <p>ADP = Acceptor for phosphate to form ATP NADH = Reduced form of a cofactor generated in glycolysis Hexose phosphates = Phosphorylated form of monosaccharides in glycolysis Glycogen = Storage form of glucose, not directly involved in glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following glycolysis components with their biochemical forms:

    <p>Glucose-6-phosphate = Phosphorylated hexose involved in glycolysis Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate = An intermediate in the glycolytic pathway Pyruvate = The end product of glycolysis before entering the citric acid cycle Acetyl-CoA = Product formed from pyruvate after glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following enzymatic processes with their respective roles:

    <p>Phosphorylation of glucose = Conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate Reduction of NAD+ = Transformation to NADH during glycolysis ATP production = Generated through substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidation of triose phosphate = Conversion to pyruvate in the glycolytic pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following glycolytic intermediates with their corresponding roles:

    <p>Glucose-6-phosphate = Irreversible phosphorylation of glucose Pyruvate = Final product of glycolysis Lactate = Produced under anaerobic conditions ADP = Substrate limiting ATP generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following enzymes with their key functions in glycolysis:

    <p>Hexokinase = Catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate Pyruvate kinase = Converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate Lactate dehydrogenase = Reduces pyruvate to lactate Phosphofructokinase = Regulates the commitment step of glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following metabolic conditions with their effects on glycolysis:

    <p>Anaerobic conditions = Block glycolysis at specific steps High ADP levels = Stimulates glycolytic pathway activation High glucose-6-phosphate = Inhibits hexokinase activity Presence of mitochondria = Facilitates oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substrates/products with their implications in glycolysis:

    <p>Glucose = Starting substrate for glycolysis NADH = Generated during glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate conversion ATP = Energy currency produced in glycolysis CO2 = A byproduct in aerobic metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following key glycolytic processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Substrate-level phosphorylation = Direct ATP synthesis from ADP Facilitated transport = Glucose entry into cells Allosteric regulation = Control of enzyme activity by metabolites Irreversible steps = Key regulatory points in metabolic pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Glycolysis

    • A major pathway for glucose and other carbohydrate metabolism in cells
    • Occurs in the cytosol of cells
    • Functions aerobically or anaerobically
    • Provides ATP in the absence of oxygen, allowing tissues to survive anoxic episodes.
    • The main substrate is glucose but other carbohydrates can be used
    • The pathway is divided into two phases
      • The first stage uses ATP to phosphorylate glucose and convert it to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
      • The second phase generates ATP and NADH by oxidizing glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to pyruvate.

    Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

    • A multienzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
    • The reaction is irreversible in mammals and is the gateway to the citric acid cycle
    • The complex is composed of three enzymes
    • Pyruvate decarboxylase
    • Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
    • Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
    • Contains five coenzymes
    • Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
    • Lipoic acid
    • CoA
    • FAD
    • NAD+
    • The complex is regulated via covalent modification by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation

    Regulation Of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

    • Inhibited by its products, acetyl-CoA and NADH.
    • Actively regulated by covalent modifications; phosphorylation decreases activity, dephosphorylation increases activity

    Anaerobic Glycolysis and Lactic Acidosis

    • Important in muscle function; provides ATP in the absence of oxygen
    • Lactate is produced when pyruvate is reduced in the absence of oxygen
    • Lactic acidosis caused by two main types
      • Type A results from impaired tissue perfusion or hypoxia
      • Type B results from impaired ability to metabolize lactate
    • Thiamin deficiency impairs the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase, preventing pyruvate oxidation and leading to lactic acidosis

    Regulation of Glycolysis

    • Regulation of glycolysis occurs at three steps catalyzed by irreversible reactions
      • Hexokinase
      • Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
      • Pyruvate kinase
    • PFK-1 is the main regulatory enzyme in glycolysis.

    The 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate Pathway in Erythrocytes

    • Provides 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, which decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 and increases oxygen delivery to the tissues.
    • This pathway does not produce net ATP, but it allows for efficient O2 delivery to the tissues.

    Fructose Metabolism

    • Fructose enters glycolysis by phosphorylation to fructose-1-phosphate, bypassing the main regulatory steps.
    • This results in the formation of more pyruvate and acetyl-CoA than is needed for ATP formation.
    • Increases in fructose-1-phosphate activate glucokinase, increasing hepatic glucose uptake and predisposing to hepatic steatosis

    Heart Muscle & Glycolysis

    • Heart muscle is specialized for aerobic performance.
    • It has low glycolytic activity and struggles to survive under ischemic conditions.

    Glycolysis & Cancer Cells

    • Fast-growing cancer cells have high glycolytic rates.
    • They produce large amounts of pyruvate, which is reduced to lactate and released.
    • This lactate fuels gluconeogenesis in the liver.
    • This cycle contributes to hypermetabolism, which can lead to cachexia.

    Lactic Acidosis

    • Lactic acidosis is characterized by an accumulation of lactate in the blood. It can occur in two types:
      • Type A: Occurs during situations of reduced tissue oxygenation (hypoxia).
      • Type B: Occurs due to metabolic disorders affecting lactate production or utilization.

    Ethanol Formation in Microorganisms

    • Some microorganisms, like yeast, convert pyruvate to ethanol under anaerobic conditions.

    Glycogen vs. Glucose

    • Using glycogen instead of glucose for anaerobic glycolysis in muscle is more efficient.
    • Glycogen phosphorylase produces glucose-1-phosphate.
    • Glucose-1-phosphate is interconverted with glucose-6-phosphate, saving the ATP that would be used by hexokinase.
    • This increases the net ATP yield from 2 to 3 per glucose molecule.

    Regulation of Glycolysis

    • Three irreversible reactions are key regulatory points:
      • Hexokinase (and glucokinase)
      • Phosphofructokinase
      • Pyruvate kinase.
    • Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by high ATP levels but activated by 5'AMP, indicating a need for increased glycolysis.

    Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH)

    • This multienzyme complex oxidizes pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. It requires thiamin diphosphate as a cofactor.
    • PDH is regulated by:
      • Allosteric inhibition by its products (acetyl-CoA, NADH, and ATP).
      • Interconversion of active and inactive forms.

    Thiamine Deficiency & Lactic Acidosis

    • A deficiency in thiamine can lead to pyruvate and lactic acidosis.
    • This occurs due to impaired pyruvate metabolism.

    Inherited Enzyme Deficiencies

    • Inherited deficiencies in various glycolytic enzymes can cause different diseases:
      • Pyruvate kinase deficiency in erythrocytes causes hemolytic anemia.
      • Muscle phosphofructokinase deficiency leads to low exercise capacity.

    Summary of Glycolisis

    • Glycolisis is the pathway for glucose metabolism in most mammalian cells.
    • It occurs in the cytosol.
    • It produces pyruvate or lactate.
    • It is regulated by glucose transport and three key enzymes: hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase.
    • Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA by PDH.
    • Conditions affecting pyruvate metabolism often lead to lactic acidosis.

    Glycolysis: Pathway of Glucose Utilization

    • Glycolysis is the main pathway of glucose utilization in all mammalian cells.
    • The overall equation for glycolysis is: Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 Lactate + 2 ATP + 2 H2O
    • All glycolytic enzymes are located in the cytosol.
    • ATP is generated through substrate-level phosphorylation, where phosphate groups are directly transferred from intermediates to ADP.
    • Glucose enters glycolysis by being phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate, catalyzed by hexokinase.
    • Hexokinase is allosterically inhibited by its product, glucose-6-phosphate.
    • Key enzymes in glycolysis:
      • Hexokinase: Phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. Inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate.
      • Phosphofructokinase: Catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate - the committed step of glycolysis. This enzyme is regulated by ATP, AMP, and other factors.
      • Enolase: Catalyzes dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. Inhibited by fluoride.
      • Pyruvate kinase: Transfers phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP, generating ATP. This reaction is essentially irreversible under physiological conditions.
    • Under anaerobic conditions: pyruvate is reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase. This regenerates NAD+ required for glycolysis to continue.
    • Under aerobic conditions: pyruvate is transported into mitochondria for oxidative decarboxylation to acetyl-CoA and further oxidation in the citric acid cycle.
    • Tissues that function under hypoxic conditions or have intrinsically high rates of glucose oxidation (eg, tumors, erythrocytes, retina, renal medulla) produce lactate.
    • The liver, kidneys, oxidative skeletal muscle, and heart can oxidize lactate under normal conditions, but can produce it under hypoxic conditions.
    • Under certain conditions, lactate can be transported directly into the mitochondria to generate pyruvate and NADH, contributing reducing equivalents to the electron transport chain.

    Glycolysis Regulation

    • Three irreversible reactions: catalyzed by hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase, are the major sites of regulation of glycolysis.
    • Phosphofructokinase: is significantly inhibited by ATP. 5' AMP, formed as ADP accumulates, can relieve this inhibition, signaling the need for increased glycolysis.

    Erythrocytes and Glycolysis

    • Erythrocytes lack mitochondria, so they rely on glycolysis for ATP production.
    • The initial phosphorylation step of glycolysis can be bypassed in erythrocytes, leading to the formation of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, which is important in decreasing the affinity of hemoglobin for O2.

    Pyruvate Oxidation

    • Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which requires thiamin diphosphate as a cofactor.
    • Conditions that impair pyruvate metabolism often lead to lactic acidosis.

    Inherited Metabolic Disorders

    • Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency: can lead to lactic acidosis and neurological disturbances.
    • Aldolase A deficiency and Pyruvate kinase deficiency in erythrocytes: cause hemolytic anemia.
    • Muscle phosphofructokinase deficiency: leads to low exercise capacity, especially on high-carbohydrate diets.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Harper's Biochemistry Chapter 17 - Glycolysis and Oxidation to Pyruvate.PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate processes of glycolysis and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in this quiz. Understand how glucose metabolism occurs both aerobically and anaerobically, and learn how pyruvate is transformed into acetyl-CoA as a crucial step in energy production. Test your knowledge on the key enzymes and coenzymes involved in these metabolic pathways.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser