Biochemistry: Glucose Phosphates Conversion
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Questions and Answers

What is produced from one pyruvic molecule during each turn of the cycle?

  • 2 molecules of carbon dioxide
  • 4 molecules of carbon dioxide
  • 3 molecules of carbon dioxide (correct)
  • 5 molecules of carbon dioxide
  • What is the byproduct of the reaction that forms ATP during the Electron Transport Chain?

  • Oxygen molecules
  • Water molecules (correct)
  • Carbon dioxide molecules
  • Hydrogen ions
  • Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?

  • In the mitochondrial matrix
  • In the mitochondria's outer membrane
  • In the cytosol
  • In the cristae of the mitochondria (correct)
  • What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in the Electron Transport Chain?

    <p>To transport electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ATP synthase?

    <p>To synthesize ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy source for generating ATP during the Electron Transport Chain?

    <p>Proton gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of the reaction that forms carbon dioxide during the Krebs cycle?

    <p>6 NADH molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the Electron Transport Chain process?

    <p>Generation of ATP and water molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of glycolysis that is then oxidized to form acetyl-CoA?

    <p>Pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the glycolysis process take place?

    <p>Cytosol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of glycogen synthase in glycogenesis?

    <p>To add glucose residues to the growing glycogen chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose in glycolysis?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of pyruvate oxidation that is used in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Acetyl-CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the reaction between glucose-1-phosphate and uridine triphosphate (UTP) in glycogenesis?

    <p>UDP-glucose and pyrophosphate (PP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the reaction of pyruvate oxidation?

    <p>2 pyruvate + 2 NAD+ + 2 CoA --&gt; 2 acetyl-CoA + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of glycogenolysis?

    <p>To release energy in between meals or after the depletion of glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in glycogenolysis?

    <p>Breakdown of glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate by phosphorolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does pyruvate oxidation take place?

    <p>Mitochondrial matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the citric acid cycle that is used in the electron transport chain?

    <p>NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of the reaction between glucose-1-phosphate and UTP in glycogenesis?

    <p>Pyrophosphate (PP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the electron transport chain?

    <p>To generate ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of UDP-glucose in glycogenesis?

    <p>To add glucose residues to the growing glycogen chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the formation of glycosidic bond in glycogenesis?

    <p>Glycogen chain grows as glucose residues are added</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall outcome of glycogenesis?

    <p>Synthesis of glycogen from glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Glycogenesis: Formation of Glycogen

    • Glycogenesis is a four-step process that converts glucose into glycogen.
    • Step 1: Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate, catalyzed by phosphoglucomutase.
    • Glucose + ATP → glucose-6-phosphate → glucose-1-phosphate.

    Step 2: Formation of UDP-Glucose

    • Reaction of glucose-1-phosphate with uridine triphosphate (UTP) to form UDP-glucose.
    • Glucose-1-phosphate + UTP → UDP-glucose + pyrophosphate (PP).

    Step 3: Formation of Glycosidic Bond

    • Growing the glycogen chain by attaching UDP-glucose to an existing glycogen chain, releasing UDP.
    • This reaction is catalyzed by glycogen synthase, the key regulatory enzyme of glycogenesis.

    Step 4: Branching of Glycogen

    • Glycogen chains grow as glycogen synthase adds glucose residues, producing additional branches.

    Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of Glycogen

    • Glycogenolysis is a process that breaks down glycogen to release energy in between meals or after glucose depletion.
    • Step 1: Breakdown of glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate by phosphorolysis.

    Cellular Respiration

    • Cellular respiration is the process of generating energy for the cell through the breakdown of glucose.

    Glycolysis

    • Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, converting glucose into pyruvate.
    • One molecule of glucose is broken down to form two molecules of pyruvic acid.
    • Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
    • Produces a net gain of 2 ATP per molecule of glucose.
    • Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD + → 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 NADH.

    Pyruvate Oxidation

    • Pyruvate oxidation is the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.
    • Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
    • 2 pyruvate + 2 NAD+ + 2 CoA → 2 acetyl-CoA + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2CO2.

    Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

    • The Krebs cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration, converting acetyl-CoA into carbon dioxide.
    • Occurs in the mitochondria.
    • For each turn of the cycle, 3 molecules of carbon dioxide are produced, and 5 pairs of hydrogen atoms are removed.
    • Forms (per two molecules of pyruvic acid) carbon dioxide, two ATP molecules, 6 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH2 molecules.
    • Oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA + ADP + Pi + 3 NAD+ + FAD → CoA + ATP + 3NADH + 3H+ + FADH2 + 2CO2 + Oxaloacetate.

    Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

    • The electron transport chain is the third stage of cellular respiration, generating ATP from the energy released during the transfer of electrons.
    • Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria.
    • The electrons in NADH and FADH2 flow through a series of electron transport acceptors, generating ATP.
    • Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is made during this stage.
    • ATP is made by adding inorganic phosphate to ADP.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the two-step process of converting glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate, involving ATP and UTP. It's an essential biochemistry concept for understanding cellular metabolism.

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