Biochemistry: Glucose Phosphates Conversion

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Questions and Answers

What is produced from one pyruvic molecule during each turn of the cycle?

2 molecules of carbon dioxide

4 molecules of carbon dioxide

3 molecules of carbon dioxide (correct)

5 molecules of carbon dioxide

What is the byproduct of the reaction that forms ATP during the Electron Transport Chain?

Oxygen molecules

Water molecules (correct)

Carbon dioxide molecules

Hydrogen ions

Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?

In the mitochondrial matrix

In the mitochondria's outer membrane

In the cytosol

In the cristae of the mitochondria (correct)

What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in the Electron Transport Chain?

To transport electrons Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ATP synthase?

To synthesize ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy source for generating ATP during the Electron Transport Chain?

Proton gradient Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of the reaction that forms carbon dioxide during the Krebs cycle?

6 NADH molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the Electron Transport Chain process?

Generation of ATP and water molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of glycolysis that is then oxidized to form acetyl-CoA?

Pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

Where does the glycolysis process take place?

Cytosol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glycogen synthase in glycogenesis?

To add glucose residues to the growing glycogen chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the net gain of ATP per molecule of glucose in glycolysis?

2 ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of pyruvate oxidation that is used in the citric acid cycle?

Acetyl-CoA Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the reaction between glucose-1-phosphate and uridine triphosphate (UTP) in glycogenesis?

UDP-glucose and pyrophosphate (PP) Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for the reaction of pyruvate oxidation?

2 pyruvate + 2 NAD+ + 2 CoA --> 2 acetyl-CoA + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2CO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of glycogenolysis?

To release energy in between meals or after the depletion of glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in glycogenolysis?

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate by phosphorolysis Signup and view all the answers

Where does pyruvate oxidation take place?

Mitochondrial matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the citric acid cycle that is used in the electron transport chain?

NADH Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of the reaction between glucose-1-phosphate and UTP in glycogenesis?

Pyrophosphate (PP) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the electron transport chain?

To generate ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of UDP-glucose in glycogenesis?

To add glucose residues to the growing glycogen chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the formation of glycosidic bond in glycogenesis?

Glycogen chain grows as glucose residues are added Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall outcome of glycogenesis?

Synthesis of glycogen from glucose Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Glycogenesis: Formation of Glycogen

Glycogenesis is a four-step process that converts glucose into glycogen.
Step 1: Isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate, catalyzed by phosphoglucomutase.
Glucose + ATP → glucose-6-phosphate → glucose-1-phosphate.

Step 2: Formation of UDP-Glucose

Reaction of glucose-1-phosphate with uridine triphosphate (UTP) to form UDP-glucose.
Glucose-1-phosphate + UTP → UDP-glucose + pyrophosphate (PP).

Step 3: Formation of Glycosidic Bond

Growing the glycogen chain by attaching UDP-glucose to an existing glycogen chain, releasing UDP.
This reaction is catalyzed by glycogen synthase, the key regulatory enzyme of glycogenesis.

Step 4: Branching of Glycogen

Glycogen chains grow as glycogen synthase adds glucose residues, producing additional branches.

Glycogenolysis: Breakdown of Glycogen

Glycogenolysis is a process that breaks down glycogen to release energy in between meals or after glucose depletion.
Step 1: Breakdown of glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate by phosphorolysis.

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is the process of generating energy for the cell through the breakdown of glucose.

Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, converting glucose into pyruvate.
One molecule of glucose is broken down to form two molecules of pyruvic acid.
Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Produces a net gain of 2 ATP per molecule of glucose.
Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2 NAD + → 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 NADH.

Pyruvate Oxidation

Pyruvate oxidation is the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA.
Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
2 pyruvate + 2 NAD+ + 2 CoA → 2 acetyl-CoA + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2CO2.

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

The Krebs cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration, converting acetyl-CoA into carbon dioxide.
Occurs in the mitochondria.
For each turn of the cycle, 3 molecules of carbon dioxide are produced, and 5 pairs of hydrogen atoms are removed.
Forms (per two molecules of pyruvic acid) carbon dioxide, two ATP molecules, 6 NADH molecules, and 2 FADH2 molecules.
Oxaloacetate + acetyl-CoA + ADP + Pi + 3 NAD+ + FAD → CoA + ATP + 3NADH + 3H+ + FADH2 + 2CO2 + Oxaloacetate.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

The electron transport chain is the third stage of cellular respiration, generating ATP from the energy released during the transfer of electrons.
Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria.
The electrons in NADH and FADH2 flow through a series of electron transport acceptors, generating ATP.
Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is made during this stage.
ATP is made by adding inorganic phosphate to ADP.

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Description

This quiz covers the two-step process of converting glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate, involving ATP and UTP. It's an essential biochemistry concept for understanding cellular metabolism.