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Questions and Answers
A segment of DNA contains 30 base pairs, including 10 guanine residues. How many cytosine residues are present?
A segment of DNA contains 30 base pairs, including 10 guanine residues. How many cytosine residues are present?
- 30
- 10 (correct)
- 20
- 40
Besides tyrosine, which amino acid shares a similar ring structure that could potentially undergo modifications to form neurotransmitters?
Besides tyrosine, which amino acid shares a similar ring structure that could potentially undergo modifications to form neurotransmitters?
- Alanine
- Tryptophan (correct)
- Glycine
- Serine
Which component is absent in deoxythymidine monophosphate compared to guanosine monophosphate?
Which component is absent in deoxythymidine monophosphate compared to guanosine monophosphate?
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogenous base
- Ribose sugar (correct)
- Deoxyribose sugar
A pentapeptide (5 AA) is hydrolyzed into two fragments: one dipeptide and one tripeptide. If the pentapeptide initially contained eight oxygen atoms, how many oxygen atoms are present in the combined dipeptide and tripeptide fragments after hydrolysis, considering water molecules are added to break the peptide bonds?
A pentapeptide (5 AA) is hydrolyzed into two fragments: one dipeptide and one tripeptide. If the pentapeptide initially contained eight oxygen atoms, how many oxygen atoms are present in the combined dipeptide and tripeptide fragments after hydrolysis, considering water molecules are added to break the peptide bonds?
Which amino acid pairing within a polypeptide would MOST likely result in electrostatic repulsion at physiological pH?
Which amino acid pairing within a polypeptide would MOST likely result in electrostatic repulsion at physiological pH?
A segment of single-stranded DNA contains 10 base pairs, including 2 guanine and 3 adenine residues. After replication of this segment resulting in the double-stranded segment, how many thymine residues are expected in the double stranded DNA?
A segment of single-stranded DNA contains 10 base pairs, including 2 guanine and 3 adenine residues. After replication of this segment resulting in the double-stranded segment, how many thymine residues are expected in the double stranded DNA?
Which of the following modification(s) would likely alter the overall charge of an amino acid within a protein?
Which of the following modification(s) would likely alter the overall charge of an amino acid within a protein?
Under which circumstance are disulfide bonds MOST likely to contribute to a protein's stability?
Under which circumstance are disulfide bonds MOST likely to contribute to a protein's stability?
How does the resonance stabilization of a peptide bond MOST directly influence protein structure?
How does the resonance stabilization of a peptide bond MOST directly influence protein structure?
In mass spectrometry, which property of a peptide fragment MOST directly influences its migration time through the instrument?
In mass spectrometry, which property of a peptide fragment MOST directly influences its migration time through the instrument?
How does the formation of a glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides change their properties?
How does the formation of a glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides change their properties?
If an infant is lactose intolerant for a short-term, which enzyme is most likely deficient or inactive?
If an infant is lactose intolerant for a short-term, which enzyme is most likely deficient or inactive?
Why is cellulose indigestible by humans, even though it is composed of glucose monomers?
Why is cellulose indigestible by humans, even though it is composed of glucose monomers?
In a newly discovered organism, DNA analysis reveals that 20% of its bases are guanine. Considering Chargaff's rules, what percentage of the bases are expected to be thymine?
In a newly discovered organism, DNA analysis reveals that 20% of its bases are guanine. Considering Chargaff's rules, what percentage of the bases are expected to be thymine?
Which factor has the MOST influence on protein separation via gel filtration chromatography?
Which factor has the MOST influence on protein separation via gel filtration chromatography?
During differential centrifugation, which cellular component would require the HIGHEST centrifugal force to sediment?
During differential centrifugation, which cellular component would require the HIGHEST centrifugal force to sediment?
What is the specific function of phenyl isothiocyanate in Edman degradation during protein sequencing?
What is the specific function of phenyl isothiocyanate in Edman degradation during protein sequencing?
Which type of interaction is MOST directly responsible for stabilizing the alpha-helical structure of a protein?
Which type of interaction is MOST directly responsible for stabilizing the alpha-helical structure of a protein?
How does the binding of the first oxygen molecule to hemoglobin affect the affinity for subsequent oxygen molecules?
How does the binding of the first oxygen molecule to hemoglobin affect the affinity for subsequent oxygen molecules?
What critical structural feature is created during the formation of a phosphodiester bond in nucleic acids?
What critical structural feature is created during the formation of a phosphodiester bond in nucleic acids?
How do purines differ structurally from pyrimidines, and what is the consequence of this difference in nucleic acid structure?
How do purines differ structurally from pyrimidines, and what is the consequence of this difference in nucleic acid structure?
What is the primary structural difference between ribose and deoxyribose that leads to their distinct roles in nucleic acids?
What is the primary structural difference between ribose and deoxyribose that leads to their distinct roles in nucleic acids?
How does the specificity of restriction enzymes contribute to recombinant DNA technology?
How does the specificity of restriction enzymes contribute to recombinant DNA technology?
How would the separation pattern of DNA fragments change on an electrophoresis gel if the agarose concentration is increased?
How would the separation pattern of DNA fragments change on an electrophoresis gel if the agarose concentration is increased?
Which of the following triacylglycerols would be predicted to have the highest melting point?
Which of the following triacylglycerols would be predicted to have the highest melting point?
Flashcards
Uracil residues in DNA segment?
Uracil residues in DNA segment?
There are 0 uracil residues since uracil is only found in RNA, not DNA.
Dopamine's precursor?
Dopamine's precursor?
Dopamine is derived from the amino acid tyrosine.
GMP components?
GMP components?
Guanosine monophosphate (GMP) contains a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a sugar (ribose).
Deoxythymidine's sugar?
Deoxythymidine's sugar?
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Peptide bonds in M-P-F-W?
Peptide bonds in M-P-F-W?
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Adenine residues count?
Adenine residues count?
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Amino acid side chains?
Amino acid side chains?
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Disulfide bond partners?
Disulfide bond partners?
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Peptide bond proximity?
Peptide bond proximity?
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Mass spec identifier?
Mass spec identifier?
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Monosaccharide linkage?
Monosaccharide linkage?
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Lactose components?
Lactose components?
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Cellulose makeup?
Cellulose makeup?
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Purine percentage?
Purine percentage?
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Gel filtration separation?
Gel filtration separation?
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Protein sequencing method?
Protein sequencing method?
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Alpha-helix level?
Alpha-helix level?
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Nucleic acid building blocks?
Nucleic acid building blocks?
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Purine/pyrimidine type?
Purine/pyrimidine type?
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Ribose/deoxyribose type?
Ribose/deoxyribose type?
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Nucleoside components?
Nucleoside components?
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Nucleotide components?
Nucleotide components?
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Purine bases?
Purine bases?
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Transcription definition?
Transcription definition?
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Translation definition?
Translation definition?
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Study Notes
- DNA segments with 20 base pairs and 7 guanine residues contain 0 uracil residues.
- Dopamine is derived from the amino acid Tyrosine.
- Guanosine monophosphate contains a nitrogenous base, a phosphate, and a sugar.
- Deoxythymidine contains deoxyribose.
- The polypeptide M-P-F-W contains 3 peptide bonds.
- A polypeptide with only charged polar side-chains includes Histidine (His) and Aspartic Acid (Asp).
- A DNA segment with 7 base pairs and 3 guanine residues contains 4 adenine residues.
- Amino acids may contain uncharged polar, charged polar, and non-polar side chains, but not "no side chains."
- Disulfide bonds form between two Cysteine (Cys) residues.
- A peptide bond is physically closest to the alpha carbon.
- Mass spectrometry identifies amino acid sequences from the mass-to-charge ratio of gas-phase protein fragments.
- Monosaccharides link to each other or to molecules via glycosidic bonds.
- Lactose comprises glucose and galactose.
- Cellulose comprises glucose and glucose.
- In a diploid organism with 30% adenine residues in its DNA, 50% are purines.
- Gel filtration chromatography separates proteins based on size.
- During ultracentrifugation, the protein with higher density is eluted first.
- Protein sequencing involves Edman degradation.
- Alpha-helix exemplifies protein secondary structure.
- The fourth oxygen molecule is the most biochemically likely to bind to hemoglobin (Hb).
- Nucleic acids consist of a sugar, a phospho-diester linkage, and a base.
- Purines and pyrimidines are bases.
- Ribose and deoxyribose are sugars.
- Nucleosides contain a base and a sugar.
- Nucleotides contain a base, a sugar, and a phosphate.
- Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) are purine bases.
- Adenosine (A) and Guanosine (G) are purine nucleosides.
- Adenylic Acid (AMP) and Guanylic Acid (GMP) are purine nucleotides.
- Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Uracil (U) are pyrimidine bases.
- Cytidine (C), Deoxythymidine (dT), and Uridine (U) are pyrimidine nucleosides.
- Cytidylic Acid (CMP), Deoxythymidylic Acid (dTMP), and Uridylic Acid (UMP) are pyrimidine nucleotides.
- ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and ATP (adenosine triphosphate) are well-known nucleotides.
- DNA consists of Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G).
- Deoxyribose has one less oxygen atom than ribose.
- RNA consists of Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G).
- Adenine and thymine form 2 hydrogen bonds.
- Cytosine and guanine form 3 hydrogen bonds.
- Transcription is the process of converting DNA to RNA.
- Translation is the process of converting RNA to protein.
- Nucleic acids can be cut at specific sequences by restriction enzymes.
- Nucleic acid fragments are separated by size using electrophoresis.
- An alpha amino acid contains an amino group (H2N), a side group (R), and a carboxyl group (COOH).
- Amino acid side chains can be non-polar (hydrophobic), uncharged polar, or charged polar (hydrophilic).
- Glycine (G) is a non-polar amino acid.
- Alanine (A) is a non-polar amino acid.
- Valine (V) is a non-polar amino acid.
- Leucine (L) is a non-polar amino acid.
- Isoleucine (I) is a non-polar amino acid.
- Methionine (M) is a non-polar amino acid.
- Proline (P) is a non-polar amino acid.
- Phenylalanine (F) is a non-polar amino acid.
- Tryptophan (W) is a non-polar amino acid.
- Serine (S) is an uncharged polar amino acid.
- Threonine (T) is an uncharged polar amino acid.
- Asparagine (N) is an uncharged polar amino acid.
- Glutamine (Q) is an uncharged polar amino acid.
- Tyrosine (Y) is an uncharged polar amino acid.
- Cysteine (C) is an uncharged polar amino acid.
- Lysine (K) is a charged polar amino acid.
- Arginine (R) is a charged polar amino acid.
- Histidine (H) is a charged polar amino acid.
- Aspartic Acid (D) is a charged polar amino acid.
- Glutamic Acid (E) is a charged polar amino acid.
- Cysteine can react with itself, unlike other amino acids.
- The 20 standard amino acids share a common structure but differ in their side chains.
- Peptide bonds link amino acid residues in a polypeptide.
- L-Glyceraldehyde is Levorotatory, with the OH group on the left side of the alpha carbon (mainly amino acids).
- D-Glyceraldehyde is Dextrorotatory, with the OH group on the right side of the alpha carbon (mainly carbohydrates).
- Salting out uses solubility for protein purification.
- Ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric focusing use ionic charge for protein purification.
- Electrophoresis uses ion exchange for protein purification.
- Hydrophobic interaction chromatography uses polarity for protein purification.
- Gel filtration chromatography uses size for protein purification.
- Affinity chromatography uses binding specificity for purification.
- pH and temperature affect a protein's stability during purification.
- To be sequenced, a protein must be separated into individual polypeptides that can be cleaved into sets of overlapping fragments.
- Edman degradation removes N-terminal residues one at a time during amino acid sequencing.
- D-Glyceraldehyde contains 3 carbons.
- D-Ribose (Rib) contains 5 carbons.
- D-Glucose (Glu) contains 6 carbons.
- D-Mannose (Man) contains 6 carbons.
- D-Galactose (Gal) contains 6 carbons.
- Dihydroxyacetone contains 3 carbons.
- D-Ribulose contains 5 carbons.
- D-Fructose contains 6 carbons.
- Aldose and Ketoses are the two smallest sugars.
- The alpha carbon is associated with the aldehyde group.
- The aldehyde group for aldose sugars is CHO.
- The aldehyde group for ketose sugars is CH2OH.
- Monosaccharides cyclize to form alpha or beta anomers.
- Glycosidic bonds link monosaccharides to each other and to other molecules.
- Lactose is a reducing disaccharide with galactose and glucose bonded through a beta 1, 4 bond.
- Sucrose is a non-reducing disaccharide with glucose and fructose bonded through an alpha 1, 2 bond.
- Beta bonds are stronger and harder to break than alpha bonds.
- Glucose molecules in cellulose are linked by a beta (1, 4) bond.
- N-Acetylglucosamine molecules in chitin are linked by a beta (1, 4) bond.
- Glucose molecules in alpha-amylose are linked by an alpha (1, 4) bond.
- There are 6 lipid groups: triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, sphingomyelins, gangliosides, steroids, and isoprenoids.
- Saturated fatty acids contain single bonds.
- Unsaturated fatty acids contain double bonds.
- In 12:0, 12 represents the number of carbon atoms.
- In 12:0, 0 represents the number of unsaturated bonds.
- In 16:1n-7, n-7 represents the position of unsaturated bonds.
- Gangliosides facilitate cell-to-cell identification.
- Steroids contain 4 fused rings.
- Vitamin A is a photoreceptor active in low light conditions.
- Vitamin K participates in blood clotting.
- Vitamin E prevents oxidative damage.
- A lipid bilayer is made of a polar end and a non-polar end
- Triacylglycerols refers to fatty acid esters of glycerol.
- Glycerophospholipids refers to lipids with a glycerol backbone.
- Isoprenoids refers to non-structural lipids with an isoprene skeleton.
- Cortisol, testosterone, aldosterone, and beta-estradiol are the four representative steroid hormones.
- A sphingomyelin contains a phosphocholine head group and a palmitate residue.
- Lateral diffusion is faster than transverse diffusion in the phospholipid bilayer.
- A fatty acid chain's physical properties are determined by length and saturation.
- Sphingolipids resemble glycerophospholipids but may include large carbohydrate groups.
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