Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characterizes hydrophobic amino acids in terms of their interaction with water?
What characterizes hydrophobic amino acids in terms of their interaction with water?
- They form hydrogen bonds with water.
- They are always charged.
- They dissolve easily in water.
- They tend to repel water. (correct)
Which of the following amino acids is considered positively charged and hydrophilic?
Which of the following amino acids is considered positively charged and hydrophilic?
- Cysteine
- Lysine (correct)
- Aspartic acid
- Serine
Which type of amino acid has more carboxyl groups than amino groups?
Which type of amino acid has more carboxyl groups than amino groups?
- Negatively charged amino acids (correct)
- Uncharged amino acids
- Essential amino acids
- Hydrophobic amino acids
What is the primary role of essential amino acids in the diet?
What is the primary role of essential amino acids in the diet?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of polar amino acids?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of polar amino acids?
What distinguishes semi-essential amino acids from non-essential amino acids?
What distinguishes semi-essential amino acids from non-essential amino acids?
Which group of amino acids is characterized by containing polar functional groups but being uncharged?
Which group of amino acids is characterized by containing polar functional groups but being uncharged?
Which of the following amino acids would be classified as a representative of the uncharged, polar amino acids?
Which of the following amino acids would be classified as a representative of the uncharged, polar amino acids?
What are proteins primarily made of?
What are proteins primarily made of?
Which process is required to link amino acids together to form a protein?
Which process is required to link amino acids together to form a protein?
What role do enzymes play in biological systems?
What role do enzymes play in biological systems?
Which of the following is NOT a role of proteins in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a role of proteins in the body?
What are the two typical substituents on the α-carbon atom of amino acids?
What are the two typical substituents on the α-carbon atom of amino acids?
What is the basic structure of an amino acid?
What is the basic structure of an amino acid?
How are amino acids classified based on their R groups?
How are amino acids classified based on their R groups?
Which classification represents amino acids that do not contain aromatic rings?
Which classification represents amino acids that do not contain aromatic rings?
Which property is NOT characteristic of amino acids?
Which property is NOT characteristic of amino acids?
Which statement about hormones is true?
Which statement about hormones is true?
Which type of R group characterizes aromatic amino acids?
Which type of R group characterizes aromatic amino acids?
Which elements are major components of amino acids?
Which elements are major components of amino acids?
Which amino acid classification includes those with R-groups that have NH2 > COOH?
Which amino acid classification includes those with R-groups that have NH2 > COOH?
What type of amino acids would you classify those with a hydroxyl group present?
What type of amino acids would you classify those with a hydroxyl group present?
What classification includes amino acids characterized by the R group being not benzene?
What classification includes amino acids characterized by the R group being not benzene?
What property differentiates the properties of amino acids and, consequently, proteins?
What property differentiates the properties of amino acids and, consequently, proteins?
Flashcards
Proteins
Proteins
Large, complex molecules composed of smaller units called amino acids, essential for structure, function, and regulation of the body.
Amino Acids
Amino Acids
The small units that make up proteins, containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen.
Dehydration Synthesis
Dehydration Synthesis
The process of linking amino acids together to form proteins, involving the removal of water.
Peptide Bond
Peptide Bond
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α-Carbon
α-Carbon
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Polypeptide
Polypeptide
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R-group
R-group
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Enzymes
Enzymes
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Aliphatic Amino Acids
Aliphatic Amino Acids
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Hormones
Hormones
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Aromatic Amino Acids
Aromatic Amino Acids
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Alpha Carbon
Alpha Carbon
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Heterocyclic Amino Acids
Heterocyclic Amino Acids
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Acidic Amino Acids
Acidic Amino Acids
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Basic Amino Acids
Basic Amino Acids
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Neutral Amino Acids
Neutral Amino Acids
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Hydrophobic amino acids
Hydrophobic amino acids
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Hydrophilic amino acids
Hydrophilic amino acids
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What are the subcategories of hydrophobic amino acids?
What are the subcategories of hydrophobic amino acids?
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Non-polar amino acids
Non-polar amino acids
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Negatively charged amino acids
Negatively charged amino acids
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Positively charged amino acids
Positively charged amino acids
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Uncharged polar amino acids
Uncharged polar amino acids
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Essential amino acids
Essential amino acids
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Study Notes
Biochemistry Science: Course Code EBA 1300
- Course code: EBA 1300
Fundamental Biochemistry of Proteins (Lecture 6)
- Lecture topic: Fundamental biochemistry of proteins
- Lecture number: 6
Table of Contents
- Topic 1: Definition of proteins
- Topic 2: Importance of proteins
- Topic 3: Properties of amino acids
- Topic 4: Classification of amino acids
Proteins
- Found in various foods (e.g., meat, seafood, cheese, nuts, legumes)
- Fight infections
- Help cells divide
Definition of Protein
- Biological macromolecules within living bodies
- Macromolecules are large
- Proteins are polymers
- Polymers consist of monomers
Protein Structure
- Very large compared to sugar or salt molecules
- Polymers composed of smaller units called amino acids
- Contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N)
Building a Protein
- Requires dehydration synthesis - removal of water
- Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
- Proteins = polypeptides
Importance of Proteins
- Found in animal and plant products (e.g., nuts, legumes)
- Important large, complex molecules in the body
- Essential for building muscle mass
- Crucial for the structure, function, and regulation of body tissues and organs
Proteins as Enzymes
- Catalysts speeding up chemical reactions
- Lower activation energy
- Enzyme specificity to temperature and pH
Proteins as Chemical Messengers (Hormones)
- Chemical signaling molecules (often small proteins or steroids)
- Secreted by endocrine cells
- Regulate physiological processes, like growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction
- Example: Insulin regulates blood glucose levels
Amino Acids: Building Blocks of Protein
- Monomers of proteins
- Contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), and oxygen (O)
- Approximately 500 known amino acids, but 20 appear in the genetic code
- Can be classified in various ways
General Properties of Amino Acids
- High melting and boiling points
- White crystalline solid substances
- Some are sweet, tasteless, or bitter
- Mostly soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvents
Amino Acid Structure
- Central carbon atom (α-carbon)
- Amino group (-NH2)
- Carboxyl group (-COOH)
- Hydrogen atom
- Unique side chain (R-group)
Amino Acid Classification
- Differ in specific chemical properties and structure of their R-groups
- Nature of the R-group determines protein properties
- Classification based on R-group properties: electrochemical polarity, physiological classification, structural classification, metabolic classification
Structural Classification of Amino Acids
- Aliphatic (no ring):
- Neutral
- Acidic
- Basic
- Aromatic (containing a benzene ring)
- Heterocyclic (R-group not benzene)
Aliphatic (Neutral)
- Branched
- Valine (Val, V)
- Leucine (Leu, L)
- Isoleucine (Ile, I)
- Unbranched
- Glycine (Gly, G)
- Alanine (Ala, A)
- Hydroxyl-containing
- Serine (Ser, S)
- Threonine (Thr, T)
- Sulfur-containing
- Cysteine (Cys, C)
- Methionine (Met, M)
- Aliphatic (Acidic)
- Aspartic acid (Asp, D)
- Glutamic acid (Glu, E)
- Amides
- Asparagine (Asn, N)
- Glutamine (Gln, Q)
- Amides
- Aliphatic (Basic)
- Lysine (Lys, K)
- Arginine (Arg, R)
- Histidine (His, H)
Aromatic Amino Acids
- Phenylalanine (Phe, F)
- Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
- Tryptophan (Trp, W)
- Have conjugated rings
- Characteristic smells (bananas, oranges)
Heterocyclic Amino Acids
- Proline (Pro, P)
- Histidine (His, H)
- R-groups not benzene rings
Electrochemical Classification
- Hydrophobic (nonpolar):
- Repel aqueous environment
- Primarily in protein interiors
- Do not participate in hydrogen bonding
- Hydrophilic (polar): (including charged amino acids), which interact well with water or participate in hydrogen bonding
Nonpolar or Hydrophobic Amino Acids
- List of amino acids
Polar or Hydrophilic Amino Acids
- Positively charged (Basic)
- Arginine, Histidine, Lysine
- Negatively charged (Acidic)
- Aspartic and Glutamic Acid
- Polar uncharged
- Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Asparagine, Glutamine
Biological or Physiological Classification
- Essential
- Cannot be synthesized by the body. Must be obtained from the diet.
- Semi-essential
- Can be synthesized by the body, but not in sufficient amounts for adults (but enough for children) Arginine Histidine
- Nonessential
- Can be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts.
Amino Acid Three-Letter Codes
- Table of amino acids and their three-letter codes
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental biochemistry of proteins in the EBA 1300 course. This quiz covers the definitions, importance, properties, and classification of proteins and amino acids. Dive into the basics of protein structures and their biological significance.
