Biochemistry Concepts Quiz

Enzyme Kinetics and Regulation, Carbohydrates, Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Lipids and Membranes Overview

• Enzymes catalyze reactions involving gaining or losing electrons, breaking double bonds, transferring groups, rearranging molecules, cleaving bonds with water, and joining molecules
• Enzymes increase reaction rates by increasing stability of intermediates and lowering activation energy
• Central equations for enzyme kinetics include Vo (Initial Velocity), Vmax (maximum catalytic velocity), [S] (Substrate Concentration), and Km (Michaelis Constant)
• When enzymes are saturated with substrate, the reaction rate becomes steady and tends towards Vmax
• Competitive, non-competitive, and mixed inhibitors can regulate enzyme activity
• Types of enzyme catalysts include general acid-base catalysts, metal ion catalysis, covalent catalysis, and amino acid side chains
• Proteases are enzymes that degrade proteins, such as serine protease (Chymotrypsin)
• Enzyme regulation can occur through altering gene expression, isolating enzymes in specific parts of the cell or body, and limiting enzyme-substrate interaction
• Covalent modification of proteins includes proteolytic cleavage, zymogens, and phosphorylation
• Allosteric regulation can inhibit or activate enzymes by binding to allosteric sites
• Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbons and can undergo modifications such as amino sugars, acylation, and reduction to sugar alcohols
• Polysaccharides serve as energy storage (e.g., glycogen, amylose) and structural components (e.g., cellulose, chitin) in cells. Glycolysis is a ten-step anaerobic process that converts glucose into pyruvate, yielding two net ATP and two net NADH/H⁺ molecules. Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids, and its control is reciprocal with glycolysis. Pyruvate can be converted into acetyl-CoA under aerobic conditions and into lactate or ethanol under anaerobic conditions. Lipid molecules are unique due to their hydrophobic nature, serving as energy storage, structural components, and signaling molecules. Ketone body metabolism involves the production and utilization of ketone bodies during fasting or low-carbohydrate diets. Steroid metabolism includes the synthesis and degradation of steroid hormones, bile acids, and cholesterol.

Enzyme Kinetics and Regulation, Carbohydrates, Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Lipids and Membranes Overview

• Enzymes catalyze reactions involving gaining or losing electrons, breaking double bonds, transferring groups, rearranging molecules, cleaving bonds with water, and joining molecules
• Enzymes increase reaction rates by increasing stability of intermediates and lowering activation energy
• Central equations for enzyme kinetics include Vo (Initial Velocity), Vmax (maximum catalytic velocity), [S] (Substrate Concentration), and Km (Michaelis Constant)
• When enzymes are saturated with substrate, the reaction rate becomes steady and tends towards Vmax
• Competitive, non-competitive, and mixed inhibitors can regulate enzyme activity
• Types of enzyme catalysts include general acid-base catalysts, metal ion catalysis, covalent catalysis, and amino acid side chains
• Proteases are enzymes that degrade proteins, such as serine protease (Chymotrypsin)
• Enzyme regulation can occur through altering gene expression, isolating enzymes in specific parts of the cell or body, and limiting enzyme-substrate interaction
• Covalent modification of proteins includes proteolytic cleavage, zymogens, and phosphorylation
• Allosteric regulation can inhibit or activate enzymes by binding to allosteric sites
• Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbons and can undergo modifications such as amino sugars, acylation, and reduction to sugar alcohols
• Polysaccharides serve as energy storage (e.g., glycogen, amylose) and structural components (e.g., cellulose, chitin) in cells. Glycolysis is a ten-step anaerobic process that converts glucose into pyruvate, yielding two net ATP and two net NADH/H⁺ molecules. Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids, and its control is reciprocal with glycolysis. Pyruvate can be converted into acetyl-CoA under aerobic conditions and into lactate or ethanol under anaerobic conditions. Lipid molecules are unique due to their hydrophobic nature, serving as energy storage, structural components, and signaling molecules. Ketone body metabolism involves the production and utilization of ketone bodies during fasting or low-carbohydrate diets. Steroid metabolism includes the synthesis and degradation of steroid hormones, bile acids, and cholesterol.