Biochemistry Chapter: Protein Digestion and Glycolysis
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary site of protein digestion in the human body?

  • Mouth
  • Pancreas
  • Large intestine
  • Stomach (correct)

    • Which test results in a yellow-orange color indicating the presence of aromatic amino acids?

  • Ninhydrin test
  • Sakaguchi test
  • Xanthoprotein test (correct)
  • Biuret test

    • Which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine in DNA?

  • Uracil
  • Thymine (correct)
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine

    • Which of the following proteins can be detected using the Lead acetate test?

    <p>Methionine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color result indicates a positive reaction for tryptophan in the Hopkins-Cole test?

    <p>Purple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis is the formation of new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes directly produces ATP during glycolysis?

    <p>Phosphoglycerate kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which shuttle system is responsible for transporting NADH and yielding 3 ATP?

    <p>Malate-Aspartate shuttle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many irreversible steps are there in glycolysis, considering the presence of kinases?

    <p>3 irreversible steps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of pyruvate undergoing anaerobic glycolysis?

    <p>It is converted to Lactate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in gluconeogenesis?

    <p>PEP carboxykinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a location where gluconeogenesis occurs?

    <p>Muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of enolase in glycolysis?

    <p>It removes water during dehydration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for proteins that are soluble in dilute acid or alkali?

    <p>Albuminoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is characterized as being insoluble in water or dilute salt solutions?

    <p>Glutenin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is known as the 'suicide sac' due to its hydrolytic enzymes?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes peroxisomes?

    <p>They detoxify reactive oxygen species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of protein can be coagulated by heat?

    <p>Denatured proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs to prevent the toxicity associated with NH3 in the brain?

    <p>Urea cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, what property do phospholipids exhibit?

    <p>Hydrophobic non-polar tails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?

    <p>Modifies proteins and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is NOT classified as a primary derived protein?

    <p>Albuminates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is insoluble in neutral solutions?

    <p>Glutenin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of ribosome is found in bacteria?

    <p>70S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these denatured proteins can only be dissolved by boiling in strong acids?

    <p>Keratin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amino acids serve as building blocks for which biological macromolecule?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the solubility of prolamines?

    <p>Soluble in 80% alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Lipid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Vitamin B1?

    <p>Coenzyme in pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin deficiency is associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

    <p>Vitamin B1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is caused by a deficiency in Vitamin B3?

    <p>Pellagra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is crucial for the metabolism of folic acid?

    <p>Vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Vitamin B5?

    <p>Serves as a functional part of CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which deficiency leads to a condition characterized by peripheral neuritis?

    <p>Vitamin B6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary deficiency condition associated with Vitamin B9?

    <p>Megaloblastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme in fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism?

    <p>Vitamin H</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is primarily caused by a deficiency in Vitamin B2?

    <p>Cheilosis and seborrheic dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vitamins is NOT a water-soluble vitamin?

    <p>Vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vitamin A?

    <p>Visual pigment production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is associated with wound healing due to its role in collagen synthesis?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with a deficiency in vitamin A?

    <p>Nyctalopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is indicated as a natural error leading to genetic variation?

    <p>Spontaneous mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of HGPRT in metabolism?

    <p>Participating in purine metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is noted for enhancing iron absorption in the body?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin deficiency is characterized by symptoms associated with impaired collagen synthesis?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of fat-soluble vitamins?

    <p>Stored in body fat and liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biochemistry & Pharmacognosty

    • Biochemistry is the science dealing with the chemical basis of life.
    • Biomolecules are studied, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
    • The cell is the basic unit of life, with a membrane having integral and peripheral proteins.
    • The cell membrane is semi-permeable, allowing some substances to pass through.
    • Carbohydrates are polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones with monosaccharides as building blocks.
    • Reactions include dehydration for synthesis and hydrolysis for degradation.
    • Carbohydrates are classified based on the number of monomer units (monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides).
    • Isomerism exists in carbohydrates (enantiomers, anomers, epimers, tautomers).
    • Isomers have the same chemical formula but different structures.
    • Pyranose- and furanose-forms of monosaccharide ring structures exist.
    • Cells have organelles including ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, golgi apparatus and mitochondria.
    • Metabolism encompasses catabolic (breaking down) and anabolic (building up) reactions.
    • Amphibolism connects catabolic and anabolic pathways.
    • The Krebs cycle helps produce energy for cells where acetyl CoA enters the cycle to produce energy units.
    • Electron Transport Chain uses electron carriers and produces ATP for cellular energy.
    • Glycolysis & Gluconeogenesis are pathways involving biochemical reactions that concern glucose.
    • Glycogenolysis & Glycogenesis are pathways that involve the breakdown and synthesis of glycogen, respectively.
    • Lipids are hydrophobic molecules categorized into simple, complex, and derived lipids.
    • Waxes, fats/oils, and sterols are simple lipids while phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins are complex lipids.
    • The components of lipids are fatty acids, monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides.
    • Proteins are amino acid polymers with primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.
    • There are various classifications and functions of proteins (structural, enzymes, etc.)
    • Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store genetic information in a double-helix structure.
    • DNA replication leads to duplication via the semi-conservative method where each helix has a template and new strand.
    • Protein synthesis and decoding of genetic information using mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
    • Various types of mutations can occur, changing the genetic code and associated proteins.
    • Various vitamins and associated biochemical functions are important to human metabolism.

    Pharmacognosty

    • Drugs are sourced from natural products (plants & animals).

    • Studying plants and animals for drug sources is pharmacognosty.

    • Crude drugs are collected plants and animals that undergo drying and processing to extract components.

    • These include methods of collection, drying, and garbling.

    • Extractives refer to the extracted active ingredients, while menstruum refers to the solvent.

    • Qualitative tests (Carbohydrates and Proteins) exist to identify components in natural products.

    • Physical constants (density, melting point) help in identification and classification of natural products.

    • Classifications (taxonomic, morphological, and phylogenetic) can be used to classify natural products.

    • Various volatile oils, glycosides, and other compounds are extracted via different techniques for many applications, from processing into extracts and or by other means.

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    Module 2: Biochemistry and Pharmacognosy PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on biochemistry concepts including protein digestion, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis. This quiz will cover various enzymatic reactions and the biochemical pathways involved. Ideal for students studying biochemistry or related fields.

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