Biochemistry Chapter: Protein Digestion and Glycolysis

The actual site of protein synthesis in cells.

An organelle that synthesizes proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER).

Part of the ER that synthesizes proteins.

Part of the ER that synthesizes lipids.

Organelles that contain enzymes to digest foreign substances.

Organelles that detoxify harmful substances, break down long fatty acids.

Organelle that modifies and packages proteins and lipids.

A phospholipid bilayer that forms the boundary of a cell.

A key intermediate in cellular respiration and metabolism, crucial for energy production and gluconeogenesis.

A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP, essential for energy.

The biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, crucial for maintaining blood glucose levels, especially during fasting.

Glycolysis that occurs without oxygen, producing a small amount of ATP and lactate, vital for short-term energy needs in the absence of oxygen.

A process that shuttles G3P into the electron transport chain (ETC), resulting in ATP production.

Transportation of reducing equivalents (electrons) from glycolysis into the Krebs / Citric Acid Cycle for ATP production.

Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy currency of cells used for various cellular processes.

A metabolic pathway in which acetyl CoA is oxidized to produce ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

A series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane, essential for the final stages of energy production to form ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

HGPRT catalyzes the conversion of hypoxanthine and guanine to nucleotides.

The process where a protein loses its native shape and function due to the disruption of its secondary and tertiary structures.

The metabolic pathway that produces glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

Proteins that have been altered by denaturing agents, losing their original structure.

RNA is used as a template to create DNA

A group of storage proteins, insoluble in water but soluble in dilute acids or alkalis.

Storage proteins insoluble in water, but soluble in 80% alcohol.

Nutrients needed for life sustaining processes in human body.

Leads to night blindness (nyctalopia).

Insoluble proteins, dissolved by boiling in strong acids.

Removing water to prevent microbial growth and damage.

Proteins that have been altered chemically (e.g., by hydrolysis, acid/alkali treatment), creating altered forms compared to primary derived proteins.

A type of protein formed via hydrolysis or reaction with acids or alkalis.

Proteins modified by chemicals like acid or alkali, changing their properties.

A series of biochemical reactions that convert ammonia to urea, detoxifying the body.

Protein digestion begins in the stomach.

Protein digestion ends in the small intestine.

Peptidases (proteases) are the enzymes that digest proteins.

A qualitative test for the presence of amino acid (amino group)

A qualitative test for peptide bonds in proteins

A qualitative test for aromatic amino acids (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan).

Qualitative Test for the detection of Phenol (tyrosine)

Test for indole group (trytophan)

Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.

Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group.

Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine in DNA.

Vitamins that dissolve in water and are not stored in the body, requiring frequent intake.

A water-soluble vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate reactions, crucial for energy production.

A condition caused by insufficient intake of B1, leading to neurological symptoms like Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

A water-soluble vitamin crucial for various redox reactions within cells, acting as a coenzyme for them.

A water-soluble vitamin acting as a coenzyme NAD and NADP, enabling critical redox reactions in the body.

A water-soluble vitamin that plays a role in various metabolic activities, forming part of the Coenzyme A.

A water-soluble vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in transamination reactions, impacting protein metabolism.

A water-soluble vitamin involved in transferring 1 carbon fragments in the body, impacting DNA and red blood cell production.

A water-soluble vitamin crucial for transferring 1 carbon fragments, necessary for nerve function and red blood cell production.

A genetic mutation that alters the reading frame of mRNA, leading to a significant change in the protein sequence.

A genetic disorder causing extreme sensitivity to sunlight due to a deficiency in DNA repair mechanisms.