Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?
Where does lactase production primarily occur in the digestive system?
Where does lactase production primarily occur in the digestive system?
What is the general empirical formula of carbohydrates?
What is the general empirical formula of carbohydrates?
Which type of carbohydrate cannot be digested by humans?
Which type of carbohydrate cannot be digested by humans?
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What stops carbohydrate digestion temporarily when acidic stomach contents enter the small intestine?
What stops carbohydrate digestion temporarily when acidic stomach contents enter the small intestine?
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What type of bonds does salivary alpha amylase hydrolyze in starch?
What type of bonds does salivary alpha amylase hydrolyze in starch?
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By which part of the small intestine are most carbohydrates generally absorbed?
By which part of the small intestine are most carbohydrates generally absorbed?
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What functional group differentiates aldoses from ketoses in monosaccharides?
What functional group differentiates aldoses from ketoses in monosaccharides?
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Which type of bond is predominantly found in glycogen?
Which type of bond is predominantly found in glycogen?
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What is a likely consequence of specific disaccharidase deficiencies in the intestinal mucosa?
What is a likely consequence of specific disaccharidase deficiencies in the intestinal mucosa?
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Which of the following is considered a major cellular fuel that serves as the raw material for glycogen synthesis?
Which of the following is considered a major cellular fuel that serves as the raw material for glycogen synthesis?
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Which statement accurately describes the absorption mechanism of carbohydrates?
Which statement accurately describes the absorption mechanism of carbohydrates?
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How many glucose molecules result from the breakdown of one molecule of maltose?
How many glucose molecules result from the breakdown of one molecule of maltose?
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Study Notes
Salivary alpha-amylase and Dextrin
- Salivary alpha-amylase breaks down starch by hydrolyzing alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds.
- Dextrin is a product of this enzymatic action.
- Amylopectin is a branched polymer, contributing to the complexity of starch digestion.
Carbohydrate Absorption in the Small Intestine
- Most carbohydrates are absorbed in the lower jejunum and ileum.
Monosaccharide Classification
- The carbonyl group determines whether a monosaccharide is an aldose or a ketose.
Glycogen Structure
- The major bonds in glycogen are alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds.
Disaccharidase Deficiency
- Deficiency in specific disaccharidase activities leads to undigested carbohydrates reaching the large intestine.
- This results in enhanced bacterial fermentation in the small intestine and osmotic diarrhea.
Glucose as a Cellular Fuel
- Glucose is a primary cellular fuel and the precursor for glycogen synthesis.
Carbohydrate Absorption Mechanisms
- Glucose and galactose are transported via the sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1) into the mucosal cells.
- Glucose transport is insulin-independent in jejunal mucosal cells.
- Fructose is absorbed through the GLUT-5 transporter.
Salivary Amylase Action
- Salivary amylase breaks down starch.
Maltose Breakdown
- One molecule of maltose produces two glucose molecules upon hydrolysis.
Final Carbohydrate Digestion
- Final carbohydrate digestion occurs in the upper jejunum.
Undigested Carbohydrates in the Large Intestine
- Undigested carbohydrates reaching the large intestine cause osmotic diarrhea.
Glucose and Galactose Absorption
- Glucose and galactose are transported across the intestinal mucosal cell membrane using the GLUT-2 transporter.
Carbohydrate Function
- Carbohydrates provide energy.
- They do not function as anticoagulants or form cell membranes.
Lactase Production
- Lactase is produced in the intestine.
Carbohydrate General Formula
- The general empirical formula of carbohydrates is (CH2O)n.
Glucose Uptake
- Glucose uptake from intestinal cells is insulin-independent.
Lactose Intolerance
- Lactose intolerance is caused by a deficiency in lactase.
- Treatment involves avoiding dairy products or taking lactase supplements.
Initial Carbohydrate Breakdown
- The initial breakdown of carbohydrates begins in the mouth.
Pancreatic Amylase Action
- Pancreatic amylase acts on carbohydrates in the small intestine.
Indigestible Carbohydrates
- Cellulose cannot be digested by humans.
Stomach Acidity and Carbohydrate Digestion
- Acidic stomach content reaching the small intestine inactivates pancreatic alpha-amylase, temporarily halting carbohydrate digestion.
- This is neutralized by bicarbonate.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of carbohydrate digestion and absorption in this quiz. Topics include salivary alpha-amylase, glucose metabolism, and disaccharidase deficiencies. Test your understanding of carbohydrate structures and their roles in human physiology.
