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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?
Where does lactase production primarily occur in the digestive system?
What is the general empirical formula of carbohydrates?
Which type of carbohydrate cannot be digested by humans?
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What stops carbohydrate digestion temporarily when acidic stomach contents enter the small intestine?
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What type of bonds does salivary alpha amylase hydrolyze in starch?
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By which part of the small intestine are most carbohydrates generally absorbed?
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What functional group differentiates aldoses from ketoses in monosaccharides?
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Which type of bond is predominantly found in glycogen?
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What is a likely consequence of specific disaccharidase deficiencies in the intestinal mucosa?
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Which of the following is considered a major cellular fuel that serves as the raw material for glycogen synthesis?
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Which statement accurately describes the absorption mechanism of carbohydrates?
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How many glucose molecules result from the breakdown of one molecule of maltose?
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Study Notes
Salivary alpha-amylase and Dextrin
- Salivary alpha-amylase breaks down starch by hydrolyzing alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds.
- Dextrin is a product of this enzymatic action.
- Amylopectin is a branched polymer, contributing to the complexity of starch digestion.
Carbohydrate Absorption in the Small Intestine
- Most carbohydrates are absorbed in the lower jejunum and ileum.
Monosaccharide Classification
- The carbonyl group determines whether a monosaccharide is an aldose or a ketose.
Glycogen Structure
- The major bonds in glycogen are alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds.
Disaccharidase Deficiency
- Deficiency in specific disaccharidase activities leads to undigested carbohydrates reaching the large intestine.
- This results in enhanced bacterial fermentation in the small intestine and osmotic diarrhea.
Glucose as a Cellular Fuel
- Glucose is a primary cellular fuel and the precursor for glycogen synthesis.
Carbohydrate Absorption Mechanisms
- Glucose and galactose are transported via the sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1) into the mucosal cells.
- Glucose transport is insulin-independent in jejunal mucosal cells.
- Fructose is absorbed through the GLUT-5 transporter.
Salivary Amylase Action
- Salivary amylase breaks down starch.
Maltose Breakdown
- One molecule of maltose produces two glucose molecules upon hydrolysis.
Final Carbohydrate Digestion
- Final carbohydrate digestion occurs in the upper jejunum.
Undigested Carbohydrates in the Large Intestine
- Undigested carbohydrates reaching the large intestine cause osmotic diarrhea.
Glucose and Galactose Absorption
- Glucose and galactose are transported across the intestinal mucosal cell membrane using the GLUT-2 transporter.
Carbohydrate Function
- Carbohydrates provide energy.
- They do not function as anticoagulants or form cell membranes.
Lactase Production
- Lactase is produced in the intestine.
Carbohydrate General Formula
- The general empirical formula of carbohydrates is (CH2O)n.
Glucose Uptake
- Glucose uptake from intestinal cells is insulin-independent.
Lactose Intolerance
- Lactose intolerance is caused by a deficiency in lactase.
- Treatment involves avoiding dairy products or taking lactase supplements.
Initial Carbohydrate Breakdown
- The initial breakdown of carbohydrates begins in the mouth.
Pancreatic Amylase Action
- Pancreatic amylase acts on carbohydrates in the small intestine.
Indigestible Carbohydrates
- Cellulose cannot be digested by humans.
Stomach Acidity and Carbohydrate Digestion
- Acidic stomach content reaching the small intestine inactivates pancreatic alpha-amylase, temporarily halting carbohydrate digestion.
- This is neutralized by bicarbonate.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of carbohydrate digestion and absorption in this quiz. Topics include salivary alpha-amylase, glucose metabolism, and disaccharidase deficiencies. Test your understanding of carbohydrate structures and their roles in human physiology.
