Biochemistry Chapter on Acids and Bases
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of H+ in the body?

  • Breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose (correct)
  • Hydrolysis of high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP or CP
  • Oxidation of carbon in organic food substances
  • Oxidation of sulfur and phosphorus in proteins and lipids

    • What is the chemical formula for the hydroxyl ion?

  • H+
  • CO2
  • OH- (correct)
  • H2O

    • What is the pH range of a basic solution?

  • 8-14
  • 7-14 (correct)
  • 0-7
  • 1-6

    • What is the primary function of a base in the body?

    <p>To remove hydrogen ions from solution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the compound that is formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water?

    <p>Carbonic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a salt commonly found in the body?

    <p>K2SO4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a strong acid?

    <p>HCl (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH of a neutral solution?

    <p>7 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of total body water in a 60-year-old male?

    <p>50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the decrease in total body water with age?

    <p>Increased adipose tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluid compartment is proportionally three times larger in neonates compared to adults?

    <p>Interstitial fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate total daily fluid intake (in ml) for an average individual?

    <p>2300 ml (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a route of fluid output from the body?

    <p>Respiration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate concentration of potassium (K+) in intracellular fluid (mEq/L)?

    <p>160 mEq/L (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following electrolytes is primarily responsible for maintaining fluid balance between the intracellular and extracellular compartments?

    <p>Sodium (Na+) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference in the concentration of sodium (Na+) in plasma (mEq/L) compared to interstitial fluid (mEq/L)?

    <p>11 mEq/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluid compartment contains the highest concentration of protein?

    <p>Plasma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the body's fluid balance?

    <p>Buffering blood pH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism for maintaining pH balance in the body?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important chemical buffer system in the body?

    <p>Bicarbonate-carbonic acid system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Negative feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does respiratory regulation of pH work?

    <p>By controlling the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hyperventilation on blood pH?

    <p>Decreased acidity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the body use to detect changes in a regulated variable?

    <p>Sensors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the kidneys in regulating pH?

    <p>Excretion of excess hydrogen ions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the actual level of a regulated variable and the set point called?

    <p>Error signal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of heat transfer between the body and the external environment?

    <p>Absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of metabolic acidosis on respiratory rate?

    <p>Increased respiratory rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal body temperature for humans?

    <p>37°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative strength of respiratory regulation compared to chemical buffers?

    <p>Respiratory regulation is stronger than chemical buffers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a condition known as 'hyperthermia'?

    <p>Increase in body temperature above 41°C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a factor influencing pH balance?

    <p>Body temperature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between homeothermic and poikilothermic animals?

    <p>Homeothermic animals regulate their body temperature while poikilothermic animals don't. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of how the kidney contributes to acid-base homeostasis?

    <p>Excretion of ketoacids in diabetes mellitus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the thermoregulatory system?

    <p>Maintain core body temperature (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component acts as the integrator in the thermoregulatory system?

    <p>Hypothalamus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Within what temperature range does the thermoneutral zone typically fall?

    <p>25-30°C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response occurs when body temperature increases?

    <p>Increased blood flow to skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does fever affect the body's set point for temperature?

    <p>It increases the set point (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the intracellular fluid (ICF)?

    <p>Potassium and organic anions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of body weight attributed to intracellular fluid (ICF) in a person with 60% of their body weight as water?

    <p>40% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    <p>Cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epithelial tissue layer that separates the internal environment from the external environment?

    <p>To regulate the flow of nutrients and waste products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a component of the external environment?

    <p>The lumen of the gastrointestinal system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate ratio of intracellular fluid (ICF) to extracellular fluid (ECF) in the human body?

    <p>2:1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the ECF?

    <p>Sodium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transcellular fluid?

    <p>To act as a specialized fluid for specific functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Physiology

    The study of biological functions of organs and their interrelationships.

    Internal Environment

    The fluid surrounding cells, maintaining a stable condition.

    Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

    Fluid outside cells, comprising 1/3 of total body water.

    Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

    Fluid within cells, making up 2/3 of total body water.

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    Interstitial Fluid (ISF)

    Fluid that surrounds cells but does not circulate.

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    Plasma

    The liquid component of blood, making up about 1/4 of ECF.

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    Transcellular Fluid

    Fluids outside normal compartments, like CSF and digestive juices.

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    Body Fluid Distribution

    The distribution of body water between ICF and ECF.

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    Thermoregulatory System

    System that maintains core body temperature.

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    Thermoreceptors

    Sensors that detect temperature changes (central and peripheral).

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    Hypothalamus

    Brain region that acts as the integrator in thermoregulation.

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    Fever

    Increased body temperature due to infections and pyrogens.

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    Positive Feedback Loop

    A mechanism that amplifies changes in a controlled variable.

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    pH correction delay

    The body's ability to correct pH levels takes hours to days.

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    Excretion of H+

    The kidney can excrete hydrogen ions and conserve bicarbonate (HCO3).

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    Kidney in diabetes

    In diabetes mellitus, the kidney excretes ketoacids to manage acidity.

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    NaHCO3 excretion

    In alkalosis, the kidney excretes sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to reduce pH.

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    Homeostasis

    The process of maintaining a stable internal environment suitable for life.

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    Negative feedback mechanism

    A primary method for maintaining homeostasis by opposing changes in regulated variables.

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    Set point

    The desired level of a regulated variable in the body, e.g., body temperature.

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    Thermoregulation

    The process by which homeothermic animals regulate their body temperature.

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    Alkaline reserve

    The body’s ability to oppose acid accumulation using buffers.

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    Chemical buffers

    Substances that quickly minimize pH changes when acids or bases are added to a solution.

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    Bicarbonate buffer system

    A key chemical buffer that neutralizes strong acids and bases in the blood.

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    Respiratory regulation of pH

    The respiratory system's control over blood pH by regulating CO2 levels.

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    Metabolic acidosis

    A condition causing hyperventilation due to excess H+ ions in the blood.

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    Respiratory alkalosis

    A condition resulting from excessive removal of CO2 leading to increased blood pH.

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    Renal regulation of pH

    The kidneys' role in maintaining H+ ion balance and overall pH homeostasis.

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    Protein buffer system

    Buffers that include plasma proteins and hemoglobin helping to stabilize pH changes.

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    Water

    The most abundant inorganic compound in living cells, comprising 60-80% of cell volume.

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    Salt

    An ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than OH-.

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    Acid

    A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts, acting as a proton donor.

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    Base

    A substance that dissociates to liberate hydroxyl ions (OH-) and acts as a proton acceptor.

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    pH Scale

    A scale from 0 to 14 indicating the concentration of H+ ions in a solution.

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    Acidic Solution

    A solution with a pH of less than 7 indicating high H+ concentration.

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    Basic Solution

    A solution with a pH of greater than 7 indicating low H+ concentration.

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    Sources of H+

    Main sources include oxidation of food, protein metabolism, and anaerobic glycolysis.

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    Total Body Water (TBW)

    The percentage of water that makes up an individual's body weight, varying with age.

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    Neonates Water Percentage

    Newborns have 75-80% water content, higher than adults.

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    Interstital Fluid in Neonates

    At birth, neonates have three times more interstitial fluid compared to adults.

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    Decrease in TBW by Age 12 Months

    By 12 months, total body water percentage decreases to 60%.

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    TBW at Age 60

    At 60 years old, total body water decreases to about 50% of body weight.

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    Fluid Intake

    Daily water intake averages 2300 ml from fluids and metabolism.

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    Fluid Output

    Daily fluid output equals 2300 ml through various ways, including urine.

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    Electrolyte Composition of Plasma

    Plasma contains key electrolytes like Sodium and Potassium in specific concentrations.

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    Sodium Concentration in Plasma

    Sodium concentration in plasma is 142 mEq/L.

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    Total Anions in Plasma

    Total anion concentration in plasma is 153 mEq/L, includes chloride and bicarbonate.

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    Study Notes

    Introduction to Human Physiology

    • Physiology is the study of the biological functions of organs and their interrelationships.
    • To understand these functions, it's necessary to examine the many levels of organization within the human body.
    • The internal environment of the body remains remarkably consistent, despite changes in the external environment.
    • The internal environment is the fluid surrounding the cells.

    Body Fluids

    • A 70 kg man has approximately 42 liters of total body water.
    • Intracellular fluid (ICF) comprises about 28 liters.
    • Extracellular fluid (ECF) comprises approximately 14 liters.
    • ECF includes 3 liters of plasma and 11 liters of interstitial fluid (ISF).
    • ICF predominantly contains potassium and organic anions, proteins, etc, and is not homogeneous throughout the body.

    Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

    • ICF accounts for about 2/3 of the body's water.
    • For a body with 60% water, ICF is about 40% of weight.
    • ICF is mostly potassium and organic anions, plus proteins.
    • Cell membranes and cellular metabolism regulate ICF composition.

    Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

    • ECF makes up the remaining 1/3 of body water.
    • About 20% of an individual's weight consists of ECF.
    • ECF is primarily a solution of NaCl (sodium chloride) and NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate).
    • ECF further divides into compartments: -interstitial fluid (ISF) surrounding cells (3/4 ECF) -plasma (1/4 ECF), the extracellular component of blood

    Transcellular Fluid

    • Transcellular fluid is outside of the usual body compartments.
    • Examples include cerebrospinal fluid, digestive juices, and mucus.
    • It amounts to 1-2 liters.

    Variation in Body Water with Age

    • Neonates (newborn babies) have a higher percentage of water (75-80%) compared to adults.
    • By one year of age the percentage water has decreased to 60%, approaching adult values (around 50%). (males)

    Daily Intake and Output of Water

    • Daily water intake through fluids and metabolism is around 2300 mL.
    • Daily water output through insensible loss (skin and lungs), sweat, feces, and urine is also around 2300 mL.

    Body Fluid Composition

    • Charts detailing the concentration of various electrolytes and anions in different body fluids (plasma, interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid).

    Inorganic Compounds

    • Water is the most abundant and crucial inorganic compound in living materials.
    • Water comprises 60-80% of most living cells.

    Salts

    • Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations (like Na+, Ca2+, K+) and anions (other than OH-)
    • When salts dissolve in water, they dissociate into their component ions.
    • Some common body salts are NaCl, CaCO3, KCl, and Ca3(PO4)2.
    • Other important ions include Fe, I, Mg, and Zn.

    Acids

    • Acids release hydrogen ions (H+) in detectable amounts.
    • H+ is just a hydrogen nucleus.
    • Acids are also known as proton donors.
    • Common body acids include HCl and H2CO3.

    Bases

    • Bases release hydroxyl ions (OH−).
    • These bases can remove H⁺ ions from solution and are called proton acceptors.
    • Common body bases include NaOH and ammonia (NH3).

    pH

    • pH measures the concentration of H+ ions in a solution.
    • The scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.
    • pH = - log [H+], where [H+] represents the molar H+ concentration.
    • Acidic solutions have a pH less than 7, while basic solutions have a pH greater than 7.
    • Water's pH is approximately 7.

    Sources of H+ in the body

    • Oxidation of carbon in organic compounds produces CO2. This CO2 dissolves in body fluids and forms carbonic acid (H2CO3). This reaction releases H+ and bicarbonate ions. This reaction occurs approximately 300 L of CO2 & 13000 mEq H+ ions per day in normal adults
    • Oxidation of sulfur and phosphorus in proteins and lipids can lead to acid buildup, potentially causing acidosis.
    • Ingestion of acids (like lemon juice) or acid-forming salts (like NH4Cl) can also lead to acid intake.

    Sources of H+ in the body (Continued)

    • Anaerobic glycolysis in muscles during extended contractions or starvation may result in lactic acid build-up.
    • Hydrolysis of high-energy phosphate bonds in ATP or CP can contribute to H⁺ levels.

    Body Mechanisms to Maintain pH

    • The body has mechanisms to manage the H⁺ concentration in body fluids:
      • Chemical buffers act quickly to minimize pH changes.
      • Respiration regulates pH by controlling CO2 levels in blood.
      • The kidneys regulate pH over a longer period by adjusting acid and base excretion.

    Homeostasis

    • Maintaining a stable internal environment is a key process for life.
    • Most body organ systems contribute to maintaining homeostasis.

    Negative Feedback

    • Negative feedback is the main mechanism for maintaining homeostasis.
    • External changes trigger adjustments in the internal environment to counteract those changes; this brings the regulated variable back to its normal set point.

    Components of Negative Feedback

    • Set Point: The desired level of the regulated variable.
    • Sensors: Detect changes in the variable.
    • Integrating Center: Processes information from sensors and compares it to the set point.
    • Effectors: Produce a response to correct imbalances.

    Thermoregulation

    • Homeothermic animals maintain a constant body temperature, within a narrow range.
    • The normal human body temperature is 37°C (98.6°F).
    • Poikilothermic animals do not regulate their body temperatures.

    Thermoregulation (Mechanisms)

    • Heat transfer mechanisms (radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation) influence body temperature.
    • The body's regulatory system includes components involved in temperature detection, integration, and effector responses.

    Thermoregulation (Further Details)

    • The thermoregulatory system uses sensors (thermoreceptors) and an integrator (hypothalamus) to monitor and adjust body temperature.
    • Effectors such as sweat glands, blood vessels, and skeletal muscles produce responses to regulate heat loss and gain.
    • The thermoneutral zone is a specific temperature range where blood flow adjustments alone regulate body temperature without other mechanisms being required.

    Fever

    • Fever is a common response to infection.
    • White blood cells produce pyrogens, which raise the body's temperature set point.
    • Increased body temperature can enhance the immune response to infection

    Positive Feedback

    • Positive feedback is a regulatory mechanism where the response to a stimulus intensifies the initial change.
    • It does not typically maintain homeostasis but accelerates the change from its starting point. It is frequently short-term and infrequent.
    • Ex: blood clotting, childbirth.

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