أسئلة المحاضرة الخامسة بيو (قبل التعديل)
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Questions and Answers

Which components primarily make up compound lipids?

  • Fatty acids, Alcohols, and Amino acids
  • Fatty acids, Alcohols, and Sugars
  • Fatty acids, Alcohols, and Proteins
  • Fatty acids, Alcohols, and Phosphoric acids (correct)

    • What is the primary function of sphingomyelin?

  • To act as a signaling molecule
  • To store energy in fat tissues
  • To form the myelin sheath which is an electric insulator (correct)
  • To serve as a structural component of cell membranes

    • Which of the following is NOT a type of compound lipid?

  • Phospholipids
  • Lipoproteins
  • Triglycerides (correct)
  • Glycolipids

    • Which component is specifically associated with phosphatidyl choline?

    <p>Choline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural component is shared by both phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids?

    <p>Fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lipid is characterized by having a sphingosine base?

    <p>Sphingomyelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of phosphatidic acid?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of lipid is usually involved in cellular communication and signaling processes?

    <p>Glycolipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do compound lipids primarily serve in the body?

    <p>Transportation of lipids in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound lipid is primarily responsible for transporting exogenous lipids from the small intestine?

    <p>Chylomicrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary lipid component of HDL?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of receptors for hormones in nerve tissues?

    <p>Signal transduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the composition of the outer layer of a lipoprotein?

    <p>Free cholesterol and phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are lipids transported in the blood despite being water-insoluble?

    <p>By attaching to proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What compound lipid is involved in forming electrical insulators in the nervous system?

    <p>Sphingomyelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lipoprotein is characterized by being rich in endogenous lipids?

    <p>LDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of VLDL?

    <p>Triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes lung collapse in pre term babies as mentioned?

    <p>Insufficient secretion of lecithin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of di palmitoyl lecithin in the lungs?

    <p>It prevents lung collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these molecules is crucial for the structure of a sphingolipid?

    <p>Sphingosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding ceramide?

    <p>It is formed from sphingosine and a fatty acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sulfolipids as described?

    <p>Electrical insulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the symptoms of a female pre term baby with rapid heart rate and cyanosis?

    <p>Respiratory distress syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glycosphingolipid contains an oligosaccharide chain?

    <p>Gangliosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of phosphatidic acid in cellular biochemistry?

    <p>Intermediate compound in biosynthesis of phosphoglycerides and triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound is essential for preventing lung collapse in premature infants?

    <p>Di-palmitoyl lecithin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do plasmalogens have in the human body?

    <p>Assist in blood coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipid is considered a major component of the mitochondrial membrane?

    <p>Cardiolipin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds helps in triglyceride absorption in the small intestine?

    <p>Micelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of membrane phospholipids in relation to arachidonic acid?

    <p>Provide substrate for synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipid classification is characterized by the presence of a monosaccharide?

    <p>Cerberosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant property of compound lipids that aids in the formation of the lipid bilayer?

    <p>Amphipathic nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily transported by chylomicrons?

    <p>Mainly triglycerides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lipoproteins primarily transports endogenous lipids?

    <p>Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do compound lipids contribute to lipid transport in the blood?

    <p>By binding lipids to water-soluble proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound lipid is specifically mentioned as a major lipid in the mitochondrial membrane?

    <p>Cardiolipin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key structural component of the outer layer of lipoproteins?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lecithin as identified in the provided information?

    <p>Serves as a lipotropic agent to prevent fatty liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of insufficient lecithin secretion in pre-term babies?

    <p>Lung collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lipoprotein is characterized by being rich in proteins and small amounts of cholesterol?

    <p>HDL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of di palmitoyl lecithin in the lungs?

    <p>It prevents lung collapse by reducing surface tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of amphipathic molecules assists in the formation of the lipid bilayer?

    <p>They possess both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during reverse cholesterol transport?

    <p>Transport of cholesterol from tissues to liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of sphingomyelins as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Serve as an electrical insulator in the myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the symptoms of rapid heart rate and cyanosis in the pre-term baby?

    <p>Insufficient surfactant leading to respiratory distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is identified as a second messenger for hormones?

    <p>Phosphatidyl inositol bisphosphate (PIP2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lipoproteins are primarily responsible for delivering lipids after a meal?

    <p>Chylomicrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is primarily associated with the structure of sphingomyelin?

    <p>Sphingosine and phosphoric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary role of apolipoproteins in lipoproteins?

    <p>To facilitate lipid recognition and signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication arises from insufficient septation of lecithin in premature infants?

    <p>Respiratory distress syndrome due to lung collapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the type of lipid that is characterized by its role as an electrical insulator.

    <p>Sphingolipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes gangliosides from cerebrosides?

    <p>Gangliosides possess an oligosaccharide chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural characteristic do cerebrosides and gangliosides share?

    <p>Presence of sphingosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of lipids includes sulfolipids and their primary function?

    <p>Electrical insulators with signaling roles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of compound lipid helps facilitate triglyceride absorption in the small intestine?

    <p>Lecithin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sphingolipids in cellular biochemistry?

    <p>Assist in cell signaling and recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT typically found in sphingomyelin?

    <p>Glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the base structure of phosphatidic acid?

    <p>Glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound lipid is associated with the formation of electrical insulation around nerve fibers?

    <p>Sphingomyelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lipid is characterized by the presence of a phosphoric acid group?

    <p>Phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major component of phosphatidyl choline?

    <p>Choline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of compound lipid includes a carbohydrate component frequently as part of its structure?

    <p>Glycolipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What secondary structure is formed by the unsaturated fatty acids in sphingomyelin?

    <p>Cis double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for defining the composition of phospho-glycerides?

    <p>Two fatty acid chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Compound Lipids

    • Lipids consist of fatty acids, alcohols, and other groups
    • Phospholipids are formed from fatty acids, alcohols, phosphoric acid, and a nitrogenous base
    • Types of phospholipids include phosphoglycerides (glycerol-based) and sphingomyelin (sphingosine-based)

    Phospholipids

    • Structure: Fatty acids, alcohol, phosphoric acid, and nitrogenous base
    • Types: Phosphoglycerides (glycerol-based) and sphingomyelin (sphingosine-based)

    Sphingomyelin

    • Structure: Sphingosine base, unsaturated fatty acid, phosphoric acid, and choline
    • Function: Forms the myelin sheath, an electrical insulator

    Phosphoglycerides

    • Types: Lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), Cephalin (phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylethanolamine), Plasmalogens, Cardiolipin, Phosphatidyl inositol

    • Lecithin (Phosphatidylcholine): Phosphatidylcholine, important for preventing fatty liver, crucial in lung surfactant for preventing lung collapse. Essential for preventing lung collapse in premature infants (Respiratory Distress Syndrome).

    • Cephalin (Phosphatidylserine or Phosphatidylethanolamine): Phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylethanolamine, a role in blood coagulation

    • Plasmalogens: Have a role in blood coagulation

    • Cardiolipin: Major lipid in mitochondrial membranes. Key in mitochondrial function.

    Glycolipids

    • Cerbrosides: Sphingosine base, long-chain fatty acid, monosaccharide (galactose or glucose)
    • Functions: Electrical insulators in nervous tissue, receptors for hormones and toxins
    • Gangliosides: Sphingosine base, long-chain fatty acid, oligosaccharide chain
    • Sulfatides (Sulfolipids): Cerbrosides with a sulfate group. Important in nervous tissue. Sulfatides are important components in the brain and nervous tissue.

    Lipoproteins

    • Structure: Lipid part (triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids) and protein part (apolipoproteins)

    • Function: Transport lipids in the blood. Lipids are insoluble in water and need lipoproteins for transport

    • Types: Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

    • Chylomicrons: Mainly triglycerides, carries exogenous lipids from small intestine to tissues

    • VLDL: Mainly triglycerides, carries endogenous lipids from liver to tissues

    • LDL: Mainly cholesterol, transports cholesterol from liver to tissues

    • HDL: Mainly proteins, transports cholesterol from tissues to liver (reverse cholesterol transport), protecting against atherosclerosis

    Sphingolipids

    • Structure: Sphingosine, fatty acid
    • Types: Ceramide, sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, sulfatides, gangliosides
    • Functions: Structure and function of cell membranes, insulation, and recognition

    Case Scenario (Respiratory Distress Syndrome)

    • Premature infants may lack sufficient surfactant (dipalmitoyl lecithin)
    • Surfactant prevents lung collapse during breathing.
    • Without sufficient surfactant, lung collapse (Respiratory Distress Syndrome) can occur. This is a critical condition in premature babies and is treated with exogenous surfactant.

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