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Questions and Answers
What is the relationship between free energy change (ΔG) and exergonic reactions?
What is the relationship between free energy change (ΔG) and exergonic reactions?
- ΔG is negative and spontaneous (correct)
- ΔG remains zero throughout the reaction
- ΔG is positive and spontaneous
- ΔG is negative and nonspontaneous
In the equation ΔG = ΔH − TΔS, what does a positive ΔG imply about the reaction?
In the equation ΔG = ΔH − TΔS, what does a positive ΔG imply about the reaction?
- The reaction occurs without any change in free energy
- The reaction is nonspontaneous and absorbs energy (correct)
- The reaction is spontaneous and releases energy
- The reaction proceeds without any change in entropy
What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions regarding activation energy (EA)?
What role do enzymes play in chemical reactions regarding activation energy (EA)?
- Enzymes consume energy during the reaction
- Enzymes lower the activation energy needed to start a reaction (correct)
- Enzymes increase the activation energy required for a reaction
- Enzymes are only effective in exergonic reactions
Which statement is true about endergonic reactions?
Which statement is true about endergonic reactions?
What determines whether a chemical reaction occurs spontaneously?
What determines whether a chemical reaction occurs spontaneously?
What is the primary reason that spontaneous processes can perform work?
What is the primary reason that spontaneous processes can perform work?
What happens to the free energy of a system when an exergonic reaction occurs?
What happens to the free energy of a system when an exergonic reaction occurs?
Which factor does NOT influence the activation energy (EA) of a reaction?
Which factor does NOT influence the activation energy (EA) of a reaction?
What process describes the movement of water from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration?
What process describes the movement of water from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration?
In what type of solution does a cell not experience any net movement of water?
In what type of solution does a cell not experience any net movement of water?
What happens to plant cells in a hypertonic environment?
What happens to plant cells in a hypertonic environment?
Which type of transport protein assists the movement of ions across the plasma membrane?
Which type of transport protein assists the movement of ions across the plasma membrane?
What characterizes a hypotonic solution with respect to a cell's internal environment?
What characterizes a hypotonic solution with respect to a cell's internal environment?
How do channel proteins facilitate molecular movement across a membrane?
How do channel proteins facilitate molecular movement across a membrane?
What is the primary cause of wilting in plants during water loss?
What is the primary cause of wilting in plants during water loss?
What type of environment can create osmotic challenges for organisms lacking rigid cell walls?
What type of environment can create osmotic challenges for organisms lacking rigid cell walls?
What role do bile salts play in the digestion of fats?
What role do bile salts play in the digestion of fats?
What primarily causes the release of energy from ATP?
What primarily causes the release of energy from ATP?
What happens to fatty acids and monoglycerides once they are absorbed by epithelial cells?
What happens to fatty acids and monoglycerides once they are absorbed by epithelial cells?
Which of the following processes is NOT one of the main types of work done by ATP in a cell?
Which of the following processes is NOT one of the main types of work done by ATP in a cell?
Which of the following correctly describes chylomicrons?
Which of the following correctly describes chylomicrons?
Where are chylomicrons transported after their formation in epithelial cells?
Where are chylomicrons transported after their formation in epithelial cells?
In the context of cellular energy, what is a phosphorylated intermediate?
In the context of cellular energy, what is a phosphorylated intermediate?
What happens to the structure of a protein during ATP-powered transport work?
What happens to the structure of a protein during ATP-powered transport work?
In what form are triglycerides primarily stored in adipose cells?
In what form are triglycerides primarily stored in adipose cells?
How does increasing substrate concentration affect the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
How does increasing substrate concentration affect the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
What components are found in chylomicrons besides triglycerides?
What components are found in chylomicrons besides triglycerides?
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides in the gut?
Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides in the gut?
What is the net free-energy change ($ ext{ΔG}$) for the coupled reaction involving glutamic acid and ATP hydrolysis?
What is the net free-energy change ($ ext{ΔG}$) for the coupled reaction involving glutamic acid and ATP hydrolysis?
What is the role of the active site on an enzyme?
What is the role of the active site on an enzyme?
What role do apolipoproteins play in chylomicrons?
What role do apolipoproteins play in chylomicrons?
Which statement accurately describes ATP’s function in coupling reactions?
Which statement accurately describes ATP’s function in coupling reactions?
What distinguishes enzymes in terms of reaction rates compared to other catalysts?
What distinguishes enzymes in terms of reaction rates compared to other catalysts?
What is an enzyme-substrate complex?
What is an enzyme-substrate complex?
Which stage of glucose metabolism accounts for the majority of ATP synthesis?
Which stage of glucose metabolism accounts for the majority of ATP synthesis?
What is the product of glycolysis that is crucial for the next step in cellular respiration?
What is the product of glycolysis that is crucial for the next step in cellular respiration?
During which phase of glycolysis is ATP utilized?
During which phase of glycolysis is ATP utilized?
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
What is the net gain of ATP from one molecule of glucose after glycolysis?
What is the net gain of ATP from one molecule of glucose after glycolysis?
Which of the following best defines substrate-level phosphorylation?
Which of the following best defines substrate-level phosphorylation?
Which process occurs in the cytoplasm regardless of the presence of oxygen?
Which process occurs in the cytoplasm regardless of the presence of oxygen?
What does oxidative phosphorylation primarily depend on?
What does oxidative phosphorylation primarily depend on?
Which pigment is primarily responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis?
Which pigment is primarily responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis?
What is the role of carotenoids in photosynthesis?
What is the role of carotenoids in photosynthesis?
Which part of the photosystem primarily accepts excited electrons?
Which part of the photosystem primarily accepts excited electrons?
What occurs when chlorophyll absorbs a photon of light?
What occurs when chlorophyll absorbs a photon of light?
Which structural component of chlorophyll differentiates chlorophyll a from chlorophyll b?
Which structural component of chlorophyll differentiates chlorophyll a from chlorophyll b?
What is emitted when excited electrons from chlorophyll return to the ground state?
What is emitted when excited electrons from chlorophyll return to the ground state?
What does the action spectrum for photosynthesis indicate?
What does the action spectrum for photosynthesis indicate?
What type of protein complex is found in the reaction-center of a photosystem?
What type of protein complex is found in the reaction-center of a photosystem?
Which photosystem operates first in the light reactions?
Which photosystem operates first in the light reactions?
What is the main product generated during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What is the main product generated during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
Flashcards
Exergonic Reaction
Exergonic Reaction
A reaction that releases free energy, and proceeds spontaneously.
Endergonic Reaction
Endergonic Reaction
A reaction that absorbs free energy, and is not spontaneous.
Activation Energy
Activation Energy
The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
Free Energy Change (ΔG)
Free Energy Change (ΔG)
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Catalyst
Catalyst
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Enzyme
Enzyme
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Spontaneous Reaction
Spontaneous Reaction
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Transition State
Transition State
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ATP hydrolysis
ATP hydrolysis
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Energy Coupling
Energy Coupling
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Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation
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Substrate
Substrate
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Active Site
Active Site
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Induced Fit
Induced Fit
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Enzyme-substrate complex
Enzyme-substrate complex
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Cellular work
Cellular work
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Enzyme Saturation
Enzyme Saturation
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis
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Substrate-level phosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation
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Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
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Pyruvate oxidation
Pyruvate oxidation
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Citric Acid Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
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Energy Investment Phase (Glycolysis)
Energy Investment Phase (Glycolysis)
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Fat Digestion
Fat Digestion
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Energy Payoff Phase (Glycolysis)
Energy Payoff Phase (Glycolysis)
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Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
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Bile Salts
Bile Salts
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Lipase
Lipase
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Chylomicrons
Chylomicrons
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Lacteal
Lacteal
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Triglycerides
Triglycerides
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Fat Absorption
Fat Absorption
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Adipose Tissue
Adipose Tissue
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Osmosis
Osmosis
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Tonicity
Tonicity
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Isotonic solution
Isotonic solution
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Hypertonic solution
Hypertonic solution
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Hypotonic solution
Hypotonic solution
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Facilitated Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
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Channel protein
Channel protein
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Turgid (plant cell)
Turgid (plant cell)
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Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll a
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Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b
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Carotenoids
Carotenoids
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Absorption Spectrum
Absorption Spectrum
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Action Spectrum
Action Spectrum
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Photosystem
Photosystem
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Reaction-Center Complex
Reaction-Center Complex
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Light-Harvesting Complex
Light-Harvesting Complex
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Primary Electron Acceptor
Primary Electron Acceptor
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What is the difference between absorption and action spectrum?
What is the difference between absorption and action spectrum?
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Study Notes
Molecules to Cells
- All matter is composed of atoms
- Atoms are composed of subatomic particles (neutrons, protons, electrons)
- Neutrons and protons form the nucleus
- Electrons form a cloud around the nucleus
- Neutron and proton mass are almost identical and measured in daltons
- The periodic table shows electron distribution for each element
- Valence electrons in the outermost shell determine chemical behavior
- Elements with a full valence shell are chemically inert
Chemical Bonds
- Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass
- Atoms sometimes strip electrons from partners forming ions (charged atoms/molecules)
- Covalent bonds are the sharing of valence electrons
- A single covalent bond shares one pair of valence electrons
- A double covalent bond shares two pairs
- Hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom draws to another electronegative atom
- Van der Waals interactions are weak attractions between molecules close together due to temporary charges
- Electronegativity is an atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond
Biological Molecules
- Organisms are composed of matter
- All living things are comprised of four classes of large biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
- Macromolecules are large molecules consisting of monomers
- Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions
- The shapes of molecules determine function (e.g., enzymes)
Biological Organization
- Life can be studied at varying levels from molecules to the entire living planet
- Hierarchy of organization from molecules to communities to ecosystems
Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling
- Light energy comes from the sun
- Plants convert sunlight to chemical energy
- Organisms use chemical energy to do work
- Chemicals pass to organisms that eat the plants
- Heat is lost from the ecosystem
- Decomposers return chemicals to the soil
The Laws of Energy Transformation
- Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations
- An open system exchanges energy and matter with surroundings
- A closed system exchanges energy but not matter
- An isolated system exchanges neither
- The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed
- The second law of thermodynamics states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
- Entropy measures molecular disorder or randomness
- Free energy is a measure of a system's instability and tendency to change
Chemical reactions and Enzymes
- Chemical reactions are the making and breaking of chemical bonds
- Reactions can be forward to reverse and reach equilibrium (when forward and reverse speeds are equal)
- Enzymes are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts) without being consumed
- Enzymes lower the activation energy (the initial energy needed for a chemical reaction)
- Substrate and active sites: the substrate molecule binds to the active site of the enzyme, fitting precisely lowering activation energy
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration extracts energy from sugars and other fuels
- Chemical energy is converted from one form to another
- Kinetic energy is energy associated with movement
- Thermal energy is kinetic energy due to random movement
- Potential energy is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
- Chemical energy is potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
- Molecules store energy based on chemical bonds
- ATP is the cell's energy shuttle
- ATP is composed of ribose (sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), and phosphate groups
Photosynthesis
- Chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight
- Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy
- The two stages of photosynthesis are light reactions and the Calvin cycle
Membranes
- Plasma membrane is the boundary that separates the living cell from its surroundings
- Plasma membrane exhibits selective permeability
- Transport proteins are often responsible for controlling passage across the membrane
- Phospholipids are the major component of cell membranes, arranged in a bilayer
- Cholesterol is a component in animal cell membranes
- The plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates
- Many kinds of proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
Cellular Transport
- Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules across a membrane down a concentration gradient
- Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
- Active transport uses energy to move substances against their concentration gradients
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
- Endocytosis takes in molecules and matter from outside of the cell
- Exocytosis removes large molecules and matter from inside the cell
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from Biochemistry Chapter 5, focusing on free energy changes, enzyme functions, and different types of solutions. This quiz covers essential topics such as exergonic and endergonic reactions, activation energy, and osmosis. Evaluate your understanding of spontaneous processes and transport proteins.
