Biochemistry: Carbohydrates and Lactose Intolerance
50 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What type of acid is D-glucaric acid classified as?

  • Hydroxyl acid
  • Polycarboxylic acid
  • Monocarboxylic acid
  • Aldaric acid (correct)

    • How many carbon atoms are in D-glucaric acid?

  • 8
  • 5
  • 7
  • 6 (correct)

    • Which of the following characteristics does D-glucaric acid possess?

  • It is a five-carbon acid.
  • It is insoluble in water.
  • It contains both carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. (correct)
  • It is optically inactive.

    • From which sugar is D-glucaric acid derived?

    <p>D-glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property of D-glucaric acid contributes to its optical activity?

    <p>Presence of asymmetric carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of low levels of lactase enzyme?

    <p>Undigested lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs to lactose that fails to be digested due to lactase deficiency?

    <p>Bacterial fermentation in the colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What byproducts are generated as a result of lactose fermentation in the colon?

    <p>CO2, H2, and irritating organic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically results from low levels of lactase in the digestive system?

    <p>Bacterial fermentation of undigested lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a result of undigested lactose in the colon?

    <p>Increased levels of lactase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gases are primarily produced due to bacterial fermentation of lactose in individuals with low lactase levels?

    <p>Carbon dioxide and hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the generation of large amounts of CO2 and H2 in the digestive system?

    <p>Bacterial fermentation of undigested lactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with lactose intolerance?

    <p>Abdominal cramps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the irritating organic acids generated from lactose fermentation in the colon?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes the process occurring in the colon due to undigested lactose in individuals with low lactase levels?

    <p>Fermentation by bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glycosidic bond connects two α-glucose molecules?

    <p>α 1-4 glycosidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is classified as a reducing sugar?

    <p>α-glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process used to break down starch in the body?

    <p>Hydrolysis by Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glycosidic bond is found in cellulose?

    <p>β 1-4 glycosidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement concerning dextran is correct?

    <p>Dextran contains both α 1-6 and α 1-4 glycosidic bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a painful digestive upset?

    <p>Painful digestive upsets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic commonly associated with disaccharides?

    <p>They directly cause lactose intolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about sugar derivatives is accurate?

    <p>They participate in various biochemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contains both a disaccharide and a sugar derivative?

    <p>Cellulose and sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of the improper digestion of certain disaccharides?

    <p>Painful digestive upsets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs to the last hydroxyl carbon of D-glucuronic acid?

    <p>It is converted to a carboxylic group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    D-glucuronic acid is derived from glucose through which biochemical process?

    <p>Oxidation by glucose oxidase enzyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group is present in D-glucuronic acid as a result of the last carbon's transformation?

    <p>Carboxylic group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the role of glucose oxidase in the formation of D-glucuronic acid?

    <p>It facilitates the oxidation of glucose, creating an acid form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes D-glucuronic acid from other sugar derivatives?

    <p>It contains a carboxylic acid group derived from glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes D-glucaric acid?

    <p>It is derived from D-glucose and is both water-soluble and optically active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is not associated with D-glucaric acid?

    <p>It is derived from D-mannose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature differentiates D-glucaric acid from other dicarboxylic acids?

    <p>Its ability to be optically active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structural feature is crucial for the properties of D-glucaric acid?

    <p>The combination of both carbonyl and hydroxyl groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the hydroxyl carbon play in D-glucaric acid?

    <p>It is responsible for the molecule's hydrophilicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is maltose primarily composed of?

    <p>2 α-glucose molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes maltose?

    <p>It is formed from the hydrolysis of starch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sugars is not classified as a disaccharide?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What alternative name is commonly used for maltose?

    <p>Malt sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structural characteristic is unique to maltose?

    <p>Forms through an α-1,4 bond linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes homodisaccharides from heterodisaccharides?

    <p>Homodisaccharides consist of one type of monosaccharide, while heterodisaccharides consist of different types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a homodisaccharide?

    <p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines heterodisaccharides compared to homodisaccharides?

    <p>They can be made from one or more types of monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about maltose is correct?

    <p>Maltose consists of two glucose molecules linked together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best categorizes maltose within the context of saccharides?

    <p>It is a homodisaccharide composed of two identical monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property distinguishes anomeric carbon from free carbon in sugars?

    <p>Anomeric carbon is involved in forming glycosidic bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic does sucrose possess in relation to its structure?

    <p>It is a non-reducing sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the linkage of carbohydrates that involves anomeric carbon?

    <p>Linkages involving anomeric carbon are often found in disaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In carbohydrate chemistry, which factor is critical for the classification of sugars as reducing or non-reducing?

    <p>The configuration of the anomeric carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does the presence of anomeric carbon have on carbohydrate functionality?

    <p>It allows for greater structural diversity in polysaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lactose Intolerance

    • Low lactase enzyme activity leads to undigested lactose
    • Undigested lactose ferments in the colon
    • Fermentation produces large amounts of CO2, H2, and irritable organic acids
    • These gases and acids cause abdominal cramps and diarrhea

    Aldaric Acids

    • Aldaric acids contain both a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group on the last carbon
    • D-glucaric acid is an example of an aldaric acid derived from D-glucose
    • Aldaric acids are 6-carbon sugar acids
    • They are water soluble and optically active

    Disaccharides

    • Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides
    • Common disaccharides:
      • Maltose: α 1-4 glycosidic bond between two α-glucose molecules
      • Cellobiose: β 1-4 glycosidic bond between two β-glucose molecules
      • Lactose: β 1-4 glycosidic bond between α-glucose and β-galactose
      • Sucrose: α 1-β 2 glycosidic bond between α-glucose and β-fructose

    Reducing Sugars

    • Reducing sugars have a free anomeric carbon
    • They can reduce other compounds by donating electrons
    • Maltose, lactose, and cellobiose are reducing sugars
    • Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar

    Starch Degradation

    • Starch is a polymer of glucose
    • Amylase hydrolyzes starch into dextrins, maltose, and glucose
    • Dextrins are branched polymers of glucose
    • Cellulose is a linear polymer of glucose with β 1-4 glycosidic bonds
    • Cellulose is not digestible by humans

    Lactase Deficiency

    • Lactase deficiency leads to lactose intolerance
    • Symptoms include abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and gas
    • It occurs when the body does not produce enough lactase, an enzyme that digests lactose
    • Lactose intolerance is a common condition, particularly in adults

    Uronic Acids

    • Formed when the primary alcohol of an aldose is oxidized to a carboxylic acid
    • Example: D-glucuronic acid from glucose
    • Water soluble and optically active

    Aldaric Acids

    • Dicarboxylic acids
    • Both the carbonyl and the last carbon atom of an aldose are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.
    • Example: D-glucaric acid from D-glucose

    Disaccharides

    • Formed by the reaction of two monosaccharides
    • Joined by a glycosidic bond
    • Can be homodisaccharides or heterodisaccharides
    • Homodisaccharides are composed of the same monosaccharide units
    • Heterodisaccharides are composed of different monosaccharide units

    Maltose

    • Has the other name "Malt sugar"
    • Is a homodisaccharide composed of two α-glucose molecules linked by an α(1→4) glycosidic bond
    • Important as a component of maltose syrup.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Biochemistry Lecture 2

    Description

    This quiz covers important concepts related to carbohydrates, including lactose intolerance, aldaric acids, disaccharides, and reducing sugars. Test your knowledge on the biochemical properties and reactions involving these essential biomolecules. Perfect for students studying biochemistry or nutrition.

    More Like This

    Lactose Intolerance
    3 questions

    Lactose Intolerance

    Lactose Intolerance
    5 questions

    Lactose Intolerance

    UnforgettableLove2599 avatar
    UnforgettableLove2599
    Digestion in Small Intestine &amp; Lactose Intolerance
    30 questions

    Digestion in Small Intestine &amp; Lactose Intolerance

    EffortlessArchetype avatar
    EffortlessArchetype
    Lactose Intolerance Causes and Symptoms
    22 questions

    Lactose Intolerance Causes and Symptoms

    BullishRelativity avatar
    BullishRelativity
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser