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Questions and Answers
What type of acid is D-glucaric acid classified as?
What type of acid is D-glucaric acid classified as?
- Hydroxyl acid
- Polycarboxylic acid
- Monocarboxylic acid
- Aldaric acid (correct)
How many carbon atoms are in D-glucaric acid?
How many carbon atoms are in D-glucaric acid?
- 8
- 5
- 7
- 6 (correct)
Which of the following characteristics does D-glucaric acid possess?
Which of the following characteristics does D-glucaric acid possess?
- It is a five-carbon acid.
- It is insoluble in water.
- It contains both carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. (correct)
- It is optically inactive.
From which sugar is D-glucaric acid derived?
From which sugar is D-glucaric acid derived?
What property of D-glucaric acid contributes to its optical activity?
What property of D-glucaric acid contributes to its optical activity?
What is the primary consequence of low levels of lactase enzyme?
What is the primary consequence of low levels of lactase enzyme?
What process occurs to lactose that fails to be digested due to lactase deficiency?
What process occurs to lactose that fails to be digested due to lactase deficiency?
What byproducts are generated as a result of lactose fermentation in the colon?
What byproducts are generated as a result of lactose fermentation in the colon?
What typically results from low levels of lactase in the digestive system?
What typically results from low levels of lactase in the digestive system?
Which of the following is not a result of undigested lactose in the colon?
Which of the following is not a result of undigested lactose in the colon?
What gases are primarily produced due to bacterial fermentation of lactose in individuals with low lactase levels?
What gases are primarily produced due to bacterial fermentation of lactose in individuals with low lactase levels?
What leads to the generation of large amounts of CO2 and H2 in the digestive system?
What leads to the generation of large amounts of CO2 and H2 in the digestive system?
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with lactose intolerance?
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with lactose intolerance?
What is a consequence of the irritating organic acids generated from lactose fermentation in the colon?
What is a consequence of the irritating organic acids generated from lactose fermentation in the colon?
Which best describes the process occurring in the colon due to undigested lactose in individuals with low lactase levels?
Which best describes the process occurring in the colon due to undigested lactose in individuals with low lactase levels?
Which type of glycosidic bond connects two α-glucose molecules?
Which type of glycosidic bond connects two α-glucose molecules?
Which of the following is classified as a reducing sugar?
Which of the following is classified as a reducing sugar?
What is the process used to break down starch in the body?
What is the process used to break down starch in the body?
Which type of glycosidic bond is found in cellulose?
Which type of glycosidic bond is found in cellulose?
Which statement concerning dextran is correct?
Which statement concerning dextran is correct?
What defines a painful digestive upset?
What defines a painful digestive upset?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic commonly associated with disaccharides?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic commonly associated with disaccharides?
Which of the following statements about sugar derivatives is accurate?
Which of the following statements about sugar derivatives is accurate?
Which of the following contains both a disaccharide and a sugar derivative?
Which of the following contains both a disaccharide and a sugar derivative?
What is a common result of the improper digestion of certain disaccharides?
What is a common result of the improper digestion of certain disaccharides?
What change occurs to the last hydroxyl carbon of D-glucuronic acid?
What change occurs to the last hydroxyl carbon of D-glucuronic acid?
D-glucuronic acid is derived from glucose through which biochemical process?
D-glucuronic acid is derived from glucose through which biochemical process?
Which functional group is present in D-glucuronic acid as a result of the last carbon's transformation?
Which functional group is present in D-glucuronic acid as a result of the last carbon's transformation?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of glucose oxidase in the formation of D-glucuronic acid?
Which of the following accurately describes the role of glucose oxidase in the formation of D-glucuronic acid?
What distinguishes D-glucuronic acid from other sugar derivatives?
What distinguishes D-glucuronic acid from other sugar derivatives?
Which statement accurately describes D-glucaric acid?
Which statement accurately describes D-glucaric acid?
Which characteristic is not associated with D-glucaric acid?
Which characteristic is not associated with D-glucaric acid?
Which feature differentiates D-glucaric acid from other dicarboxylic acids?
Which feature differentiates D-glucaric acid from other dicarboxylic acids?
Which structural feature is crucial for the properties of D-glucaric acid?
Which structural feature is crucial for the properties of D-glucaric acid?
What role does the hydroxyl carbon play in D-glucaric acid?
What role does the hydroxyl carbon play in D-glucaric acid?
What is maltose primarily composed of?
What is maltose primarily composed of?
Which statement correctly describes maltose?
Which statement correctly describes maltose?
Which of the following sugars is not classified as a disaccharide?
Which of the following sugars is not classified as a disaccharide?
What alternative name is commonly used for maltose?
What alternative name is commonly used for maltose?
Which structural characteristic is unique to maltose?
Which structural characteristic is unique to maltose?
What distinguishes homodisaccharides from heterodisaccharides?
What distinguishes homodisaccharides from heterodisaccharides?
Which of the following is an example of a homodisaccharide?
Which of the following is an example of a homodisaccharide?
What defines heterodisaccharides compared to homodisaccharides?
What defines heterodisaccharides compared to homodisaccharides?
Which of the following statements about maltose is correct?
Which of the following statements about maltose is correct?
Which of the following best categorizes maltose within the context of saccharides?
Which of the following best categorizes maltose within the context of saccharides?
Which property distinguishes anomeric carbon from free carbon in sugars?
Which property distinguishes anomeric carbon from free carbon in sugars?
What characteristic does sucrose possess in relation to its structure?
What characteristic does sucrose possess in relation to its structure?
Which statement is true regarding the linkage of carbohydrates that involves anomeric carbon?
Which statement is true regarding the linkage of carbohydrates that involves anomeric carbon?
In carbohydrate chemistry, which factor is critical for the classification of sugars as reducing or non-reducing?
In carbohydrate chemistry, which factor is critical for the classification of sugars as reducing or non-reducing?
What impact does the presence of anomeric carbon have on carbohydrate functionality?
What impact does the presence of anomeric carbon have on carbohydrate functionality?
Flashcards
Lactase Deficiency
Lactase Deficiency
A condition resulting from the body's insufficient production of lactase, an enzyme required for digesting lactose.
Disaccharide
Disaccharide
A sugar molecule composed of two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond.
Maltose
Maltose
A type of disaccharide formed by the condensation of two glucose molecules, linked by an α(1→4) glycosidic bond.
Lactose
Lactose
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Cellobiose
Cellobiose
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Reducing Sugar
Reducing Sugar
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Heterodisaccharide
Heterodisaccharide
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Homodisaccharide
Homodisaccharide
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Starch
Starch
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Sucrose
Sucrose
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Cellulose
Cellulose
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Amylase
Amylase
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Dextrin
Dextrin
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Lactose Intolerance
Lactose Intolerance
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Uronic Acid
Uronic Acid
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Aldaric Acid
Aldaric Acid
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Lactose Digestion
Lactose Digestion
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Starch Degradation
Starch Degradation
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Aldaric Acid Formation
Aldaric Acid Formation
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Uronic Acid Formation
Uronic Acid Formation
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Lactose Fermentation
Lactose Fermentation
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Disaccharide Formation
Disaccharide Formation
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Lactase Activity
Lactase Activity
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Amylase Activity
Amylase Activity
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Aldaric Acid Oxidation
Aldaric Acid Oxidation
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Uronic Acid Oxidation
Uronic Acid Oxidation
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Study Notes
Lactose Intolerance
- Low lactase enzyme activity leads to undigested lactose
- Undigested lactose ferments in the colon
- Fermentation produces large amounts of CO2, H2, and irritable organic acids
- These gases and acids cause abdominal cramps and diarrhea
Aldaric Acids
- Aldaric acids contain both a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group on the last carbon
- D-glucaric acid is an example of an aldaric acid derived from D-glucose
- Aldaric acids are 6-carbon sugar acids
- They are water soluble and optically active
Disaccharides
- Disaccharides are formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides
- Common disaccharides:
- Maltose: α 1-4 glycosidic bond between two α-glucose molecules
- Cellobiose: β 1-4 glycosidic bond between two β-glucose molecules
- Lactose: β 1-4 glycosidic bond between α-glucose and β-galactose
- Sucrose: α 1-β 2 glycosidic bond between α-glucose and β-fructose
Reducing Sugars
- Reducing sugars have a free anomeric carbon
- They can reduce other compounds by donating electrons
- Maltose, lactose, and cellobiose are reducing sugars
- Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar
Starch Degradation
- Starch is a polymer of glucose
- Amylase hydrolyzes starch into dextrins, maltose, and glucose
- Dextrins are branched polymers of glucose
- Cellulose is a linear polymer of glucose with β 1-4 glycosidic bonds
- Cellulose is not digestible by humans
Lactase Deficiency
- Lactase deficiency leads to lactose intolerance
- Symptoms include abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and gas
- It occurs when the body does not produce enough lactase, an enzyme that digests lactose
- Lactose intolerance is a common condition, particularly in adults
Uronic Acids
- Formed when the primary alcohol of an aldose is oxidized to a carboxylic acid
- Example: D-glucuronic acid from glucose
- Water soluble and optically active
Aldaric Acids
- Dicarboxylic acids
- Both the carbonyl and the last carbon atom of an aldose are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.
- Example: D-glucaric acid from D-glucose
Disaccharides
- Formed by the reaction of two monosaccharides
- Joined by a glycosidic bond
- Can be homodisaccharides or heterodisaccharides
- Homodisaccharides are composed of the same monosaccharide units
- Heterodisaccharides are composed of different monosaccharide units
Maltose
- Has the other name "Malt sugar"
- Is a homodisaccharide composed of two α-glucose molecules linked by an α(1→4) glycosidic bond
- Important as a component of maltose syrup.
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