Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which monosaccharides are found in fruits?
Which monosaccharides are found in fruits?
- Sorbitol and Mannitol
- Galactose and Lactose
- Sucrose and Maltose
- Fructose and Glucose (correct)
What is one of the primary compositions of phosphatidylcholine?
What is one of the primary compositions of phosphatidylcholine?
- Glycerol and Fatty acids (correct)
- Sucrose and Glucose
- Cellulose and Starch
- Proteins and Amino acids
In what kind of chains do fatty acids generally appear with no double bonds?
In what kind of chains do fatty acids generally appear with no double bonds?
- Polysaturated chains
- Complex carbohydrate chains
- Saturated chains (correct)
- Unsaturated chains
What constitutes the basic skeleton of all steroids?
What constitutes the basic skeleton of all steroids?
Which disaccharide is composed of glucose and galactose?
Which disaccharide is composed of glucose and galactose?
Which category do lipids belong to for energy storage?
Which category do lipids belong to for energy storage?
Which element is not a constituent of proteins?
Which element is not a constituent of proteins?
Which amino acid is represented by the one-letter code 'A'?
Which amino acid is represented by the one-letter code 'A'?
Which protein function is associated with hemoglobin?
Which protein function is associated with hemoglobin?
What type of bond connects amino acids in proteins?
What type of bond connects amino acids in proteins?
Which steroid has a hydroxyl group at the end of its structure?
Which steroid has a hydroxyl group at the end of its structure?
Which function is associated with keratin?
Which function is associated with keratin?
Which of the following is a primary bioelement?
Which of the following is a primary bioelement?
Which of the following organic molecules is NOT a type of biomolecule?
Which of the following organic molecules is NOT a type of biomolecule?
Carbohydrates are bonded together by what type of bond?
Carbohydrates are bonded together by what type of bond?
What is the primary function of glucose in living organisms?
What is the primary function of glucose in living organisms?
What percentage of living matter is constituted by primary bioelements?
What percentage of living matter is constituted by primary bioelements?
Which of the following molecules is a monosaccharide?
Which of the following molecules is a monosaccharide?
Which elements are included in the class of secondary bioelements?
Which elements are included in the class of secondary bioelements?
Which function does water NOT perform in biological processes?
Which function does water NOT perform in biological processes?
Which of the following is a function of water?
Which of the following is a function of water?
Which category do glucides belong to?
Which category do glucides belong to?
Mineral salts can be identified as either:
Mineral salts can be identified as either:
Which of these is not a type of organic compound listed in the content?
Which of these is not a type of organic compound listed in the content?
Which of the following is not a property of water?
Which of the following is not a property of water?
Which of the following elements is classified as a primary bioelement?
Which of the following elements is classified as a primary bioelement?
Which components make up a nucleotide?
Which components make up a nucleotide?
Which element is NOT a primary bioelement?
Which element is NOT a primary bioelement?
Which of the following is NOT a function of nucleic acids?
Which of the following is NOT a function of nucleic acids?
Approximately what percentage of living matter do the primary bioelements constitute?
Approximately what percentage of living matter do the primary bioelements constitute?
Which color represents the primary bioelements in the image?
Which color represents the primary bioelements in the image?
What type of bond holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together?
What type of bond holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together?
Which of the following is NOT a category for classifying bioelements?
Which of the following is NOT a category for classifying bioelements?
What is the correct pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA?
What is the correct pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA?
Which sugar is found in RNA?
Which sugar is found in RNA?
Which type of nitrogenous base is adenine?
Which type of nitrogenous base is adenine?
Which of the following characteristics applies to RNA?
Which of the following characteristics applies to RNA?
In the double helix structure of DNA, the strands run in which direction?
In the double helix structure of DNA, the strands run in which direction?
What is a primary function of water in living organisms?
What is a primary function of water in living organisms?
Which of the following is an example of a protein?
Which of the following is an example of a protein?
Which biomolecule is primarily responsible for storing genetic information?
Which biomolecule is primarily responsible for storing genetic information?
Which carbohydrate is a storage form of glucose in animals?
Which carbohydrate is a storage form of glucose in animals?
What type of bond links monosaccharides together to form polysaccharides?
What type of bond links monosaccharides together to form polysaccharides?
Which polysaccharide provides structural support in plant cell walls?
Which polysaccharide provides structural support in plant cell walls?
What is the main function of glucose in the cell?
What is the main function of glucose in the cell?
Which of these is NOT found in the cytoplasm?
Which of these is NOT found in the cytoplasm?
Where does protein synthesis occur in the cell?
Where does protein synthesis occur in the cell?
Which carbohydrates help in cell recognition?
Which carbohydrates help in cell recognition?
Which of the following is NOT a function of water in biological systems?
Which of the following is NOT a function of water in biological systems?
Which of these categories do proteins belong to?
Which of these categories do proteins belong to?
What type of molecules can mineral salts be?
What type of molecules can mineral salts be?
Which of the following is classified as an organic biomolecule?
Which of the following is classified as an organic biomolecule?
Which function of water is directly related to its role in nutrient transport?
Which function of water is directly related to its role in nutrient transport?
What elements primarily constitute glucides?
What elements primarily constitute glucides?
What is the basic unit of glucides?
What is the basic unit of glucides?
In which category do glucides like starch function primarily?
In which category do glucides like starch function primarily?
Which example of glucide serves an energetic function?
Which example of glucide serves an energetic function?
Which type of bond links monosaccharides in glucides?
Which type of bond links monosaccharides in glucides?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrates and Lipids
Carbohydrates
- Composed of C, H, and O, and sometimes N and S
- Basic unit is a monosaccharide
- Monosaccharides bond together through glycosidic bonds
- Functions:
- Energetic: Glucose
- Reserve: Starch
- Structural: Cellulose
- Defensive: Glycolipids
Lipids
- Composed of C, H, and O, and sometimes N, P, and S
- Types:
- Saturated: No double bonds
- Unsaturated: One or more double bonds
- Functions:
- Reserve
- Protection
- Energetic
- Structural
- Termoregulatory
- Hormonal
Steroids
- All steroids share a basic four-ring structure
- Small differences in chemical structure between cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogens lead to significant biological differences
Bioelements
- Classified into:
- Primary: C, H, O, N, P, S (>97% of living matter)
- Secondary: Ca, Na, K, Mg, Cl (around 2.5% of living matter)
- Trace elements: I, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, F, B, Si, V, Co, Se, Mo, Sn (<0.5% of living matter)
Biomolecules
- Can be inorganic or organic
- Inorganic biomolecules:
- Water: universal solvent, structural and ionizing properties, transport, shock absorber, thermoregulator
- Mineral salts: can be soluble or insoluble
- Organic biomolecules:
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
Proteins
- Composed of amino acids
- Amino acids bond together through peptide bonds
- Functions:
- Structural
- Movement
- Reserve
- Enzymatic
- Transport
- Defense
- Hormonal
- Homeostatic
Nucleic Acids
- Composed of nucleotides
- Nucleotides are formed by an acid phosphate, a nitrogen base, and a sugar (pentose)
- Functions:
- Carry genetic information
- Express genetic information
- Form energy molecules
Structure of DNA
- Double helix with two nucleotide chains
- Chains are antiparallel, with one going 5' -> 3' and the other 3' -> 5'
- Distance between each turn is 3.4 nanometers
Structure of RNA
- Single nucleotide chain
- Can adopt various forms, such as a tallo-asa shape
- Functions:
- Ribosomal RNA: part of the ribosome
- Messenger RNA: carries genetic information
- Transfer RNA: brings amino acids to the ribosome
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