58 Questions
Which monosaccharides are found in fruits?
Fructose and Glucose
What is one of the primary compositions of phosphatidylcholine?
Glycerol and Fatty acids
In what kind of chains do fatty acids generally appear with no double bonds?
Saturated chains
What constitutes the basic skeleton of all steroids?
Four rings
Which disaccharide is composed of glucose and galactose?
Lactose
Which category do lipids belong to for energy storage?
Fats (lipids)
Which element is not a constituent of proteins?
Helium
Which amino acid is represented by the one-letter code 'A'?
Alanine
Which protein function is associated with hemoglobin?
Transport
What type of bond connects amino acids in proteins?
Peptide bond
Which steroid has a hydroxyl group at the end of its structure?
All of the above
Which function is associated with keratin?
Structural
Which of the following is a primary bioelement?
Phosphorus
Which of the following organic molecules is NOT a type of biomolecule?
Water
Carbohydrates are bonded together by what type of bond?
Glycosidic bonds
What is the primary function of glucose in living organisms?
Energetic
What percentage of living matter is constituted by primary bioelements?
Over 97%
Which of the following molecules is a monosaccharide?
Glucose
Which elements are included in the class of secondary bioelements?
Ca, Na, K, Mg, Cl
Which function does water NOT perform in biological processes?
Glycosidic bond formation
Which of the following is a function of water?
Transport
Which category do glucides belong to?
Organic
Mineral salts can be identified as either:
Soluble and insoluble
Which of these is not a type of organic compound listed in the content?
Minerals
Which of the following is not a property of water?
Genetic carrier
Which of the following elements is classified as a primary bioelement?
Phosphorus
Which components make up a nucleotide?
A phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a sugar
Which element is NOT a primary bioelement?
Potassium
Which of the following is NOT a function of nucleic acids?
Transporting oxygen
Approximately what percentage of living matter do the primary bioelements constitute?
97%
Which color represents the primary bioelements in the image?
Red
What type of bond holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together?
Hydrogen bonds
Which of the following is NOT a category for classifying bioelements?
Tetraelements
What is the correct pairing of nitrogenous bases in DNA?
Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine
Which sugar is found in RNA?
Ribose
Which type of nitrogenous base is adenine?
Purine
Which of the following characteristics applies to RNA?
Single-stranded
In the double helix structure of DNA, the strands run in which direction?
Antiparallel, 5' -> 3' and 3' -> 5'
What is a primary function of water in living organisms?
Shock absorber
Which of the following is an example of a protein?
Enzyme
Which biomolecule is primarily responsible for storing genetic information?
Nucleic acids
Which carbohydrate is a storage form of glucose in animals?
Glycogen
What type of bond links monosaccharides together to form polysaccharides?
Glycosidic bond
Which polysaccharide provides structural support in plant cell walls?
Cellulose
What is the main function of glucose in the cell?
Energy supply
Which of these is NOT found in the cytoplasm?
Genetic material
Where does protein synthesis occur in the cell?
Ribosomes
Which carbohydrates help in cell recognition?
Carbohydrates on the cell surface
Which of the following is NOT a function of water in biological systems?
Energy storage
Which of these categories do proteins belong to?
Organic
What type of molecules can mineral salts be?
Soluble and insoluble
Which of the following is classified as an organic biomolecule?
Proteins
Which function of water is directly related to its role in nutrient transport?
Solvente universal
What elements primarily constitute glucides?
C, H, and O
What is the basic unit of glucides?
Monosaccharide
In which category do glucides like starch function primarily?
Reserve
Which example of glucide serves an energetic function?
Glucose
Which type of bond links monosaccharides in glucides?
Glycosidic bond
Study Notes
Carbohydrates and Lipids
Carbohydrates
- Composed of C, H, and O, and sometimes N and S
- Basic unit is a monosaccharide
- Monosaccharides bond together through glycosidic bonds
- Functions:
- Energetic: Glucose
- Reserve: Starch
- Structural: Cellulose
- Defensive: Glycolipids
Lipids
- Composed of C, H, and O, and sometimes N, P, and S
- Types:
- Saturated: No double bonds
- Unsaturated: One or more double bonds
- Functions:
- Reserve
- Protection
- Energetic
- Structural
- Termoregulatory
- Hormonal
Steroids
- All steroids share a basic four-ring structure
- Small differences in chemical structure between cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogens lead to significant biological differences
Bioelements
- Classified into:
- Primary: C, H, O, N, P, S (>97% of living matter)
- Secondary: Ca, Na, K, Mg, Cl (around 2.5% of living matter)
- Trace elements: I, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, F, B, Si, V, Co, Se, Mo, Sn (<0.5% of living matter)
Biomolecules
- Can be inorganic or organic
- Inorganic biomolecules:
- Water: universal solvent, structural and ionizing properties, transport, shock absorber, thermoregulator
- Mineral salts: can be soluble or insoluble
- Organic biomolecules:
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
Proteins
- Composed of amino acids
- Amino acids bond together through peptide bonds
- Functions:
- Structural
- Movement
- Reserve
- Enzymatic
- Transport
- Defense
- Hormonal
- Homeostatic
Nucleic Acids
- Composed of nucleotides
- Nucleotides are formed by an acid phosphate, a nitrogen base, and a sugar (pentose)
- Functions:
- Carry genetic information
- Express genetic information
- Form energy molecules
Structure of DNA
- Double helix with two nucleotide chains
- Chains are antiparallel, with one going 5' -> 3' and the other 3' -> 5'
- Distance between each turn is 3.4 nanometers
Structure of RNA
- Single nucleotide chain
- Can adopt various forms, such as a tallo-asa shape
- Functions:
- Ribosomal RNA: part of the ribosome
- Messenger RNA: carries genetic information
- Transfer RNA: brings amino acids to the ribosome
Quiz about the basics of biochemistry, including bioelements and biomolecules. Learn about primary, secondary, and trace elements, as well as inorganic and organic biomolecules.
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