Biochemistry Basics Quiz

<p>C, H, O, N (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both fields aim to understand the role of molecules in life processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Bubble Hypothesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5 billion years ago (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rise of oxygen levels due to photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methane utilizers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>190,000 years ago (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosynthesis by cyanobacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.5 billion years ago (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiration and combustion both require oxygen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Living organisms are the only source of organic compounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eduard Buchner's demonstration of alcoholic fermentation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organic molecules can only be synthesized by living organisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spontaneous formation of biological molecules is possible under controlled conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He demonstrated alcoholic fermentation in cell-free yeast extracts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It served as proof that organic substances could be manufactured chemically. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The synthesis of organic compounds in labs proved otherwise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a major component of cells and accounts for a large percentage of their mass. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How the first cell came into being? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a fundamental building block for organic molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Different organisms share similar molecular structures despite variations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Silicon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only cells can produce cells, but life originates from non-living materials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as catalysts for chemical reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determination of the DNA double-helix structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reveals that all organisms likely arose from a common ancestor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA functions as the genetic material. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey's blender experiment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Central Dogma of molecular biology. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were discovered to be proteins that serve as catalysts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It introduced the concept that RNA can have catalytic activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which simple inorganic molecules are transformed into complex organic molecules, eventually leading to the emergence of life.

A hypothesis suggesting that bubbles in the sea played a crucial role in the formation of complex organic molecules that later led to life.

The first life forms to exist on Earth, thought to have originated from aggregations of molecules that were more stable and persisted longer.

A proposed stage in the early evolution of life where RNA played a central role in both genetic information storage and catalytic activity.

The process by which oxygen was gradually released into Earth's atmosphere, primarily due to photosynthesis by cyanobacteria.

A layer in Earth's atmosphere composed of ozone (O3) that protects life from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

Organisms with cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, appearing in the fossil record around 1.5 billion years ago.

Our own species, Homo sapiens, originated in eastern Africa roughly 190,000 years ago.

The study of the molecular basis of life, focusing on how biological molecules lead to processes within cells and organisms.

A major substance found in animals and plants, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. It was named "protein" in 1838, meaning the most important thing.

The term "biochemistry" was coined in the 1870s. It combines "biology" and "chemistry" to study the chemical processes of life.

The Miller-Urey experiment demonstrated that organic molecules, including amino acids, could form in a reducing atmosphere, supporting the possibility of life arising from non-living matter.

This principle states that living organisms adhere to the fundamental laws of physics and chemistry. There's no special life force required to understand life at the molecular level.

The belief that organic molecules, those found in living organisms, could only be produced by living organisms.

A scientist credited with proving the theory of vitalism incorrect. In 1828, he synthesized urea, an organic molecule found in animals, from ammonium cyanate, an inorganic molecule.

Performed in 1893 by Eduard Buchner, this experiment showed that living yeast cells were not necessary for alcoholic fermentation. Fermentation, previously thought to be a life process, could occur outside of living cells using only enzymes extracted from yeast.

The study of the chemical processes that occur within living organisms. This field of science emerged with the disproving of vitalism and advancements in understanding biochemical reactions.

The process of breaking down sugar molecules (glucose) in the presence of oxygen to release energy and produce carbon dioxide and water.

A process that involves the conversion of sugar molecules (glucose) into alcohol and carbon dioxide without the presence of oxygen.

These molecules are the building blocks of proteins. Their spontaneous formation in experiments simulating early Earth's conditions provided evidence for the origin of life.

This experiment simulated primitive Earth's atmosphere, showing the spontaneous formation of amino acids and other biologically significant molecules. It provides an example of how life could have emerged from non-living matter.

Living organisms are composed of about 20 elements, with six key elements (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur) making up over 97% of their weight.

The proportions of elements can differ across organisms. For instance, water, a key component of cells, contributes significantly to the high percentage of oxygen in living beings.

While silicon, aluminum, and iron are abundant in Earth's crust, they are found only in small amounts within living cells.

Cells are able to reproduce only from existing cells, challenging the question of how the first cell originated.

The remarkable unity of life lies in its shared molecular and cellular structures across diverse organisms.

Biochemistry delves into the study of molecules and processes within cells that govern the functions of living organisms.

Biochemistry bridges the gap between biology and chemistry, examining the chemical processes that underpin life.

The realization that living organisms are built from non-living matter, like atoms and elements, underscores the interconnectedness of life and the physical universe.

All lifeforms share fundamental building blocks and processes, indicating a common ancestor. This includes similar molecular components (like amino acids, nucleotides), shared pathways for biosynthesis, and the use of DNA and the genetic code.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions within cells. They are crucial for life as they enable essential processes to occur at a fast enough rate.

The discovery of the roles of enzymes as catalysts with experiments demonstrating that yeast extracts could catalyze fermentation of sugar into alcohol and CO2.

Nucleic acids, especially DNA, are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information. This information guides the construction and functioning of all living organisms.

The experiment where bacteria were transformed by receiving genetic material from other bacteria, demonstrating that DNA carries genetic information.

This experiment used radioactive isotopes to label DNA and protein in viruses. It showed that DNA, not protein, enters bacteria during viral infection, proving DNA's role as the genetic material.

The double helix structure of DNA was discovered, revealing how genetic information is stored and replicated. This became a landmark discovery in understanding the molecular basis of life.

This refers to the central dogma of molecular biology, which describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. It defines the fundamental processes of gene expression.