Biochemistry Chapter 16 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Maintenance of body temperature in newborns is aided by which of the following?

  • Brown adipose tissue and an uncoupler protein that increases heat production during metabolism (correct)
  • Brown adipose tissue
  • An uncoupler protein that increases heat production during metabolism
  • An increased ability to shiver
  • Brown adipose tissue and an increased ability to shiver (correct)

Which of the following does NOT characterize type 1 diabetes mellitus?

  • Dehydration
  • Increased glucose utilization due to excessive glucose availability (correct)
  • Excessive urination due to the osmotic effect of glucose in the urine
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Acidosis due to excessive levels of ketones (ketone bodies) in the plasma

Which of the following is NOT a long-term consequence of untreated diabetes?

  • Osteoporosis (correct)
  • Blindness
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Kidney disorders leading to kidney failure
  • Heart disease

A human physiology student is studying type II diabetes mellitus. Which symptom would she NOT expect to see in her case study of a recently diagnosed patient?

<p>Inability to produce insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The time period when ingested nutrients are entering the blood from the gastrointestinal tract is called the postabsorptive state.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following IS a means of glucose processing in the liver during the absorptive state?

<p>Glucose is converted to triglycerides which enter the blood and are stored in skeletal muscle tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of the fatty acids that compose triglycerides in adipose tissue?

<p>Amino acids that adipose cells directly convert to fatty acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lipoproteins that remove cholesterol from cells and deliver it to the liver for processing are:

<p>HDL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Familial hypercholesterolemia results from a genetic mutation that produces insufficient or nonfunctional receptors for:

<p>LDL (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the absorptive state, which of the following is a product of amino acid deamination and serves as a source of energy for liver cell functions?

<p>Keto acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the absorptive state, the liver and skeletal muscles store amino acids as protein so that they will be available during the postabsorptive state.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary goal of glucose sparing is to provide sufficient glucose for the brain, thus many other body cells rely on fats for energy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events is NOT characteristic of the postabsorptive state?

<p>Production of glycogen by the skeletal muscle cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a prolonged postabsorptive state, such as during a fast, the need for protein breakdown is reduced when _______ are released into the blood by the liver.

<p>Ketones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two most important controls of the absorptive and postabsorptive states are:

<p>Insulin and glucagon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Insulin:

<p>Promotes fat storage in the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a target of the hormone insulin?

<p>Brain tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for pancreatic beta cell secretion of insulin?

<p>An increase in sympathetic stimulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glucagon:

<p>Is secreted in response to a decrease plasma glucose concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epinephrine and sympathetic nervous stimulation:

<p>Inhibit insulin secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an effect of adrenal medullary hormone epinephrine?

<p>Decreased heart rate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol:

<p>Is produced by the adrenal medulla (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cortisol is a hormone secreted in higher amounts as a response to stress. Which of the following pairs of terms best describes a major target and action of this hormone, respectively?

<p>Liver; gluconeogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The metabolic profile of an exercising person is most like the metabolic profile of a person in the absorptive state.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lower insulin levels that are typically seen during exercise result in decreased glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the calorigenic effect typical of hyperthyroidism?

<p>Intolerance to cold (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements concerning basal metabolic rate (BMR) is NOT correct?

<p>BMR increases with age, thus elderly people should eat more frequently (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scientists have found that most obese individuals suffer from a deficit in the hormone leptin.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would NOT lead to satiety?

<p>Increased secretion of ghrelin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms of heat transfer can only result in heat loss from the body?

<p>Evaporation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Absorptive State

The state where nutrients are absorbed from the digestive tract into the bloodstream.

Postabsorptive State

The state where the body relies on stored energy reserves for fuel because there's no food being digested.

Glucose to Triglycerides (Liver)

The liver converts excess glucose into triglycerides, forming VLDL for transport.

Glucose to Glycogen (Liver)

Glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver, a readily available energy source.

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Fat Sources for Triglycerides

Fatty acids primarily come from glucose and VLDL, not directly from amino acids.

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HDL Function

HDL collects excess cholesterol from cells and transports it to the liver for processing.

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LDL Function

LDL delivers cholesterol to body cells. High LDL can cause problems if receptors are malfunctioning.

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Keto Acid Use

Keto acids, formed from amino acid deamination, are used as an energy source by liver cells.

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Fate of Excess Amino Acids

Excess amino acids are converted to carbohydrates or fats, not directly used for energy.

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Regulators of Metabolic States

Insulin and glucagon are the primary regulators of the absorptive and postabsorptive states.

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Insulin Function

Insulin facilitates glucose uptake into most tissues, lowering blood glucose levels.

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Glucagon Function

Glucagon promotes glucose production and storage, increasing blood glucose levels.

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Insulin Secretion Stimuli

Insulin secretion is stimulated by elevated blood glucose and amino acids, not by stress.

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Insulin & Brain

Brain cells are not targets of insulin because it cannot cross the blood-brain barrier.

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Insulin Targets

Muscle and adipose tissues are insulin-sensitive, meaning they respond to insulin's signal to take up glucose.

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Epinephrine's Role

Epinephrine, released during stress, increases glycogenolysis, heart rate, and energy mobilization.

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Cortisol's Role

Cortisol, another stress hormone, promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver and reduces insulin sensitivity.

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Metabolism During Exercise

The metabolic profile during exercise resembles the postabsorptive state, with increased glucose production and fat breakdown.

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Glucose Uptake During Exercise

Muscle cells can efficiently take up glucose during exercise, even without high insulin levels.

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Hyperthyroidism Effects

Hyperthyroidism leads to an increased BMR, causing excessive hunger, weight loss, and heat intolerance.

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Hypothyroidism Effects

Hypothyroidism involves a decreased BMR, leading to cold intolerance and weight gain.

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BMR and Age

BMR declines with age, so elderly individuals need fewer meals.

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Thyroid Hormone and BMR

Increased thyroid hormone raises the BMR.

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Leptin and Obesity

Obese individuals may have normal leptin levels but experience leptin resistance, leading to impaired appetite regulation.

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Appetite Regulation

GI stretch, insulin levels, and body temperature increase satiety; ghrelin stimulates appetite.

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Heat Loss

Evaporation is the only mechanism solely responsible for heat loss, while other mechanisms can gain or lose heat.

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Newborn Thermoregulation

Newborns use brown adipose tissue to produce heat, aided by uncoupler proteins, for temperature maintenance.

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Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by insufficient insulin production and high blood glucose levels.

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Type II Diabetes

Type II diabetes occurs when insulin is ineffective, leading to elevated blood glucose.

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Complications of Diabetes

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can lead to severe complications, but some acute conditions may not be classified as long-term consequences.

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Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is characterized by bone demineralization, primarily affecting older individuals, increasing fracture risk.

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Diabetes Complications

Uncontrolled diabetes contributes to heart disease, blindness, kidney disorders, and nerve damage.

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Type II Diabetes Symptoms

A newly diagnosed type II diabetic patient may exhibit hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and polyuria.

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Insulin Resistance in Type II Diabetes

Insulin resistance occurs in type II diabetes, where insulin is present but ineffective due to receptor or transporter issues.

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Insulin Production in Type II Diabetes

Inability to produce insulin is a characteristic of type I diabetes, not type II.

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Study Notes

Absorptive and Postabsorptive States

  • The absorptive state is when nutrients are absorbed into the blood from the gastrointestinal tract.
  • The postabsorptive state relies on the body's own nutrient stores for energy.

Glucose Processing in the Liver

  • During the absorptive state, the liver converts glucose into triglycerides, which are packaged as VLDL and released into the bloodstream.
  • Glucose can also be converted to glycogen and triglycerides for storage in the liver.

Fatty Acid Sources for Triglycerides

  • Fatty acids in adipose tissue primarily come from glucose and VLDL.
  • Adipose cells do not readily convert amino acids into fatty acids.

Role of Lipoproteins

  • HDL (high-density lipoprotein) removes excess cholesterol from cells and transports it to the liver.
  • LDL (low-density lipoprotein) delivers cholesterol to body cells and can result in high blood cholesterol levels if receptors are malfunctioning.

Amino Acid Metabolism

  • Keto acids produced from amino acid deamination serve as an energy source for liver cells.
  • In excess, amino acids are converted into carbohydrates or fats, rather than directly translated into energy.

Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels

  • The main regulators of the absorptive and postabsorptive states are insulin and glucagon.
  • Insulin facilitates glucose uptake in most tissues, while glucagon promotes glucose production and storage.

Insulin Function and Targets

  • Insulin secretion is stimulated by elevated blood glucose and amino acid levels, but not by sympathetic nervous stimulation.
  • Brain cells are not targets of insulin as it cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, while muscle and adipose tissues are sensitive to insulin.

Effects of Stress Hormones

  • Epinephrine increases glycogenolysis, heart rate, and stimulates energy mobilization during stress.
  • Cortisol, produced during stress, enhances gluconeogenesis in the liver and decreases sensitivity to insulin.

Metabolism During Exercise

  • The metabolic profile during exercise resembles the postabsorptive state due to increased glucose production and fatty acid breakdown.
  • Active skeletal muscle can uptake glucose more efficiently during exercise, independent of insulin levels.

Thyroid Hormone Effects

  • Hyperthyroidism leads to increased basal metabolic rate (BMR), excessive hunger, weight loss, and intolerance to heat.
  • Hypothyroidism is characterized by cold intolerance and decreased BMR.

Factors Affecting Basal Metabolic Rate

  • BMR decreases with age; thus, elderly individuals typically require less frequent meals.
  • An increase in thyroid hormone secretion elevates BMR.

Leptin and Appetite Regulation

  • Obese individuals usually have normal leptin levels but may face leptin resistance, impairing appetite regulation.
  • Satiety is promoted by increased GI tract stretch, insulin levels, and body temperature; ghrelin increases appetite.

Heat Transfer Mechanisms

  • Evaporation is solely responsible for heat loss from the body, while other mechanisms can both lose and gain heat.

Thermoregulation in Newborns

  • Newborns utilize brown adipose tissue to produce heat, which is facilitated by uncoupler proteins, aiding in temperature maintenance.

Diabetes Mellitus Characteristics

  • Type 1 diabetes is marked by hyperglycemia and insufficient insulin, causing high blood glucose levels and increased urination.
  • Untreated diabetes can lead to severe complications, but certain acute conditions may not be classified as long-term consequences.### Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
  • Osteoporosis is characterized by demineralization of bones, primarily affecting elderly individuals, leading to a higher risk of hip and leg fractures.
  • Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus contributes to several complications, including heart disease, blindness, kidney disorders, and peripheral neuropathy.
  • Prolonged hyperglycemia damages small blood vessels, reducing oxygen and nutrient supply to vital organs like kidneys, eyes, and nerves.

Type II Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms

  • A patient newly diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus may exhibit symptoms such as hyperglycemia, glucose in urine (glycosuria), and excessive urine production (polyuria).
  • Insulin resistance occurs in type II diabetes, where insulin is present but ineffective due to receptor or transporter issues, inhibiting glucose uptake into tissues.
  • Inability to produce insulin is not typical in type II diabetes; this feature is characteristic of type I diabetes, where autoimmune reactions damage pancreatic beta cells.

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Test your knowledge on the regulation of organic metabolism and energy balance with these flashcards from Chapter 16. The quiz covers key concepts such as the absorptive state and postabsorptive state of nutrient metabolism. Perfect for students studying biochemistry and related fields.

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