Questions and Answers
Maintenance of body temperature in newborns is aided by which of the following?
Which of the following does NOT characterize type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Which of the following is NOT a long-term consequence of untreated diabetes?
A human physiology student is studying type II diabetes mellitus. Which symptom would she NOT expect to see in her case study of a recently diagnosed patient?
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The time period when ingested nutrients are entering the blood from the gastrointestinal tract is called the postabsorptive state.
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Which of the following IS a means of glucose processing in the liver during the absorptive state?
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Which of the following is NOT a source of the fatty acids that compose triglycerides in adipose tissue?
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The lipoproteins that remove cholesterol from cells and deliver it to the liver for processing are:
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Familial hypercholesterolemia results from a genetic mutation that produces insufficient or nonfunctional receptors for:
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During the absorptive state, which of the following is a product of amino acid deamination and serves as a source of energy for liver cell functions?
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During the absorptive state, the liver and skeletal muscles store amino acids as protein so that they will be available during the postabsorptive state.
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The primary goal of glucose sparing is to provide sufficient glucose for the brain, thus many other body cells rely on fats for energy.
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Which of the following events is NOT characteristic of the postabsorptive state?
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During a prolonged postabsorptive state, such as during a fast, the need for protein breakdown is reduced when _______ are released into the blood by the liver.
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The two most important controls of the absorptive and postabsorptive states are:
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Insulin:
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Which of the following is NOT a target of the hormone insulin?
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Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for pancreatic beta cell secretion of insulin?
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Glucagon:
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Epinephrine and sympathetic nervous stimulation:
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Which of the following is NOT an effect of adrenal medullary hormone epinephrine?
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Cortisol:
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Cortisol is a hormone secreted in higher amounts as a response to stress. Which of the following pairs of terms best describes a major target and action of this hormone, respectively?
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The metabolic profile of an exercising person is most like the metabolic profile of a person in the absorptive state.
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The lower insulin levels that are typically seen during exercise result in decreased glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the calorigenic effect typical of hyperthyroidism?
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Which of the following statements concerning basal metabolic rate (BMR) is NOT correct?
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Scientists have found that most obese individuals suffer from a deficit in the hormone leptin.
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Which of the following would NOT lead to satiety?
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Which of the following mechanisms of heat transfer can only result in heat loss from the body?
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Study Notes
Absorptive and Postabsorptive States
- The absorptive state is when nutrients are absorbed into the blood from the gastrointestinal tract.
- The postabsorptive state relies on the body's own nutrient stores for energy.
Glucose Processing in the Liver
- During the absorptive state, the liver converts glucose into triglycerides, which are packaged as VLDL and released into the bloodstream.
- Glucose can also be converted to glycogen and triglycerides for storage in the liver.
Fatty Acid Sources for Triglycerides
- Fatty acids in adipose tissue primarily come from glucose and VLDL.
- Adipose cells do not readily convert amino acids into fatty acids.
Role of Lipoproteins
- HDL (high-density lipoprotein) removes excess cholesterol from cells and transports it to the liver.
- LDL (low-density lipoprotein) delivers cholesterol to body cells and can result in high blood cholesterol levels if receptors are malfunctioning.
Amino Acid Metabolism
- Keto acids produced from amino acid deamination serve as an energy source for liver cells.
- In excess, amino acids are converted into carbohydrates or fats, rather than directly translated into energy.
Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels
- The main regulators of the absorptive and postabsorptive states are insulin and glucagon.
- Insulin facilitates glucose uptake in most tissues, while glucagon promotes glucose production and storage.
Insulin Function and Targets
- Insulin secretion is stimulated by elevated blood glucose and amino acid levels, but not by sympathetic nervous stimulation.
- Brain cells are not targets of insulin as it cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, while muscle and adipose tissues are sensitive to insulin.
Effects of Stress Hormones
- Epinephrine increases glycogenolysis, heart rate, and stimulates energy mobilization during stress.
- Cortisol, produced during stress, enhances gluconeogenesis in the liver and decreases sensitivity to insulin.
Metabolism During Exercise
- The metabolic profile during exercise resembles the postabsorptive state due to increased glucose production and fatty acid breakdown.
- Active skeletal muscle can uptake glucose more efficiently during exercise, independent of insulin levels.
Thyroid Hormone Effects
- Hyperthyroidism leads to increased basal metabolic rate (BMR), excessive hunger, weight loss, and intolerance to heat.
- Hypothyroidism is characterized by cold intolerance and decreased BMR.
Factors Affecting Basal Metabolic Rate
- BMR decreases with age; thus, elderly individuals typically require less frequent meals.
- An increase in thyroid hormone secretion elevates BMR.
Leptin and Appetite Regulation
- Obese individuals usually have normal leptin levels but may face leptin resistance, impairing appetite regulation.
- Satiety is promoted by increased GI tract stretch, insulin levels, and body temperature; ghrelin increases appetite.
Heat Transfer Mechanisms
- Evaporation is solely responsible for heat loss from the body, while other mechanisms can both lose and gain heat.
Thermoregulation in Newborns
- Newborns utilize brown adipose tissue to produce heat, which is facilitated by uncoupler proteins, aiding in temperature maintenance.
Diabetes Mellitus Characteristics
- Type 1 diabetes is marked by hyperglycemia and insufficient insulin, causing high blood glucose levels and increased urination.
- Untreated diabetes can lead to severe complications, but certain acute conditions may not be classified as long-term consequences.### Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
- Osteoporosis is characterized by demineralization of bones, primarily affecting elderly individuals, leading to a higher risk of hip and leg fractures.
- Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus contributes to several complications, including heart disease, blindness, kidney disorders, and peripheral neuropathy.
- Prolonged hyperglycemia damages small blood vessels, reducing oxygen and nutrient supply to vital organs like kidneys, eyes, and nerves.
Type II Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms
- A patient newly diagnosed with type II diabetes mellitus may exhibit symptoms such as hyperglycemia, glucose in urine (glycosuria), and excessive urine production (polyuria).
- Insulin resistance occurs in type II diabetes, where insulin is present but ineffective due to receptor or transporter issues, inhibiting glucose uptake into tissues.
- Inability to produce insulin is not typical in type II diabetes; this feature is characteristic of type I diabetes, where autoimmune reactions damage pancreatic beta cells.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the regulation of organic metabolism and energy balance with these flashcards from Chapter 16. The quiz covers key concepts such as the absorptive state and postabsorptive state of nutrient metabolism. Perfect for students studying biochemistry and related fields.
