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Questions and Answers
What primarily causes hypoxemia due to impaired breathing?
What primarily causes hypoxemia due to impaired breathing?
What is the major force responsible for pushing fluid out of the capillaries during filtration?
What is the major force responsible for pushing fluid out of the capillaries during filtration?
Which condition could lead to a mismatch in ventilation and perfusion (V/Q mismatch)?
Which condition could lead to a mismatch in ventilation and perfusion (V/Q mismatch)?
Which protein is mainly responsible for capillary oncotic pressure and reabsorption?
Which protein is mainly responsible for capillary oncotic pressure and reabsorption?
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In healthy individuals, what role does the RAAS play in the body?
In healthy individuals, what role does the RAAS play in the body?
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What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by the immediate release of IgE and histamine from mast cells?
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by the immediate release of IgE and histamine from mast cells?
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Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is based on antigen-antibody complexes affecting tissues?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is based on antigen-antibody complexes affecting tissues?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
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In Type II hypersensitivity reactions, what do antibodies primarily attack?
In Type II hypersensitivity reactions, what do antibodies primarily attack?
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Which of the following conditions is classified as a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?
Which of the following conditions is classified as a Type III hypersensitivity reaction?
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What is a common cause of adrenal crisis?
What is a common cause of adrenal crisis?
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Which of the following is NOT a sign of adrenal crisis?
Which of the following is NOT a sign of adrenal crisis?
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In Type II Diabetes Mellitus, what happens to insulin receptors over time?
In Type II Diabetes Mellitus, what happens to insulin receptors over time?
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Which symptom is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Which symptom is associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
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What characterizes Type I Diabetes Mellitus?
What characterizes Type I Diabetes Mellitus?
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Which condition can occur in individuals with uncontrolled Type 1 Diabetes?
Which condition can occur in individuals with uncontrolled Type 1 Diabetes?
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Which of these situations increases the risk of developing DKA?
Which of these situations increases the risk of developing DKA?
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What is the underlying cause of ketoacidosis in diabetic patients?
What is the underlying cause of ketoacidosis in diabetic patients?
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What kind of obstruction does intussusception refer to?
What kind of obstruction does intussusception refer to?
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Which condition is characterized by mucosal and submucosal ulcerations?
Which condition is characterized by mucosal and submucosal ulcerations?
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Which statement about transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) is true?
Which statement about transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) is true?
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Which of the following is considered a primary risk factor for cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)?
Which of the following is considered a primary risk factor for cerebrovascular accidents (CVA)?
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What is a potential consequence of an overactive RAAS in individuals with hypertension?
What is a potential consequence of an overactive RAAS in individuals with hypertension?
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Which type of obstruction involves a piece of bowel slipping through a tear in muscle?
Which type of obstruction involves a piece of bowel slipping through a tear in muscle?
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Which type of anemia is characterized by small cell size and low color?
Which type of anemia is characterized by small cell size and low color?
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Which of the following is a key characteristic of Crohn’s disease?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of Crohn’s disease?
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What risk factor is most associated with increased intracranial pressures during seizures?
What risk factor is most associated with increased intracranial pressures during seizures?
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Which factor is produced by the endothelium and not the liver?
Which factor is produced by the endothelium and not the liver?
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Which type of jaundice results from increased hemolysis of red blood cells?
Which type of jaundice results from increased hemolysis of red blood cells?
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Which test measures the effectiveness of warfarin?
Which test measures the effectiveness of warfarin?
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What genetic condition is characterized as an autosomal recessive disease affecting red blood cells?
What genetic condition is characterized as an autosomal recessive disease affecting red blood cells?
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What can trigger a sickle cell crisis?
What can trigger a sickle cell crisis?
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Which immune cells are part of the second line of defense in the inflammatory response?
Which immune cells are part of the second line of defense in the inflammatory response?
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What does endotoxic shock result from?
What does endotoxic shock result from?
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What is the primary cause of atherosclerosis?
What is the primary cause of atherosclerosis?
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Which term defines the pressure the heart must overcome to eject blood during systole?
Which term defines the pressure the heart must overcome to eject blood during systole?
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What condition results in a decrease in GFR and urine output while affecting nitrogenous waste accumulation?
What condition results in a decrease in GFR and urine output while affecting nitrogenous waste accumulation?
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Which form of hypothyroidism involves an autoimmune response that destroys the thyroid gland?
Which form of hypothyroidism involves an autoimmune response that destroys the thyroid gland?
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What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone?
What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone?
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What impact does preload have on stroke volume?
What impact does preload have on stroke volume?
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Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by a delayed response and is cell-mediated?
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is characterized by a delayed response and is cell-mediated?
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What does a high creatinine level indicate regarding kidney function?
What does a high creatinine level indicate regarding kidney function?
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What is the most common cause of adrenal crisis?
What is the most common cause of adrenal crisis?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Which symptom is commonly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
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In which type of diabetes does the pancreas still produce insulin but cells are resistant to it?
In which type of diabetes does the pancreas still produce insulin but cells are resistant to it?
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What occurs when glucose cannot enter the cells due to a lack of insulin?
What occurs when glucose cannot enter the cells due to a lack of insulin?
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Which electrolyte imbalances can occur during an adrenal crisis?
Which electrolyte imbalances can occur during an adrenal crisis?
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What is the primary cause of DKA in individuals with diabetes?
What is the primary cause of DKA in individuals with diabetes?
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Which of the following is a classic sign of adrenal crisis?
Which of the following is a classic sign of adrenal crisis?
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What chronic condition can lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors?
What chronic condition can lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors?
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What is a main consequence of overactivity in the RAAS for individuals with hypertension?
What is a main consequence of overactivity in the RAAS for individuals with hypertension?
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Which classification of anemia is associated with iron deficiencies and small cell size?
Which classification of anemia is associated with iron deficiencies and small cell size?
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Which factor is produced by the endothelium rather than the liver?
Which factor is produced by the endothelium rather than the liver?
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What does the PT/INR test primarily evaluate in relation to anticoagulant therapy?
What does the PT/INR test primarily evaluate in relation to anticoagulant therapy?
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In sickle cell disease, what primarily occurs to cause sickling of red blood cells?
In sickle cell disease, what primarily occurs to cause sickling of red blood cells?
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Which type of cells are involved in the second line of defense during an inflammatory response?
Which type of cells are involved in the second line of defense during an inflammatory response?
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What type of shock is associated with the body's response to bacterial toxins?
What type of shock is associated with the body's response to bacterial toxins?
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What is a common symptom associated with HIV infection as the disease progresses?
What is a common symptom associated with HIV infection as the disease progresses?
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What is a characteristic feature of Ulcerative Colitis?
What is a characteristic feature of Ulcerative Colitis?
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Which type of bowel obstruction is characterized by a twisted intestine?
Which type of bowel obstruction is characterized by a twisted intestine?
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What is the main difference between Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA) and strokes?
What is the main difference between Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA) and strokes?
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What is the primary risk factor associated with hemorrhagic strokes?
What is the primary risk factor associated with hemorrhagic strokes?
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In Crohn's disease, the inflammation primarily affects which layers of the intestinal wall?
In Crohn's disease, the inflammation primarily affects which layers of the intestinal wall?
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What complication can arise from portal hypertension?
What complication can arise from portal hypertension?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding cerebral vascular accidents (CVA)?
Which of the following statements is true regarding cerebral vascular accidents (CVA)?
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What type of mechanical bowel obstruction involves scar tissue formation?
What type of mechanical bowel obstruction involves scar tissue formation?
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What condition is most commonly associated with coronary artery disease?
What condition is most commonly associated with coronary artery disease?
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Which of the following best describes preload in cardiac physiology?
Which of the following best describes preload in cardiac physiology?
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What distinguishes Type IV hypersensitivity reactions from other types?
What distinguishes Type IV hypersensitivity reactions from other types?
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What is a primary consequence of acute kidney injury?
What is a primary consequence of acute kidney injury?
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What aspect of cardiac function is influenced by afterload?
What aspect of cardiac function is influenced by afterload?
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Which renal condition results from damage to the kidneys themselves?
Which renal condition results from damage to the kidneys themselves?
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Which term describes the imbalance between coronary blood supply and myocardial demand?
Which term describes the imbalance between coronary blood supply and myocardial demand?
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Which of the following is likely a sign of hypothyroidism?
Which of the following is likely a sign of hypothyroidism?
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What describes the primary effect of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction within 5-30 minutes of allergen exposure?
What describes the primary effect of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction within 5-30 minutes of allergen exposure?
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In a Type II hypersensitivity reaction, which effect is primarily caused by antibodies attacking specific tissue antigens?
In a Type II hypersensitivity reaction, which effect is primarily caused by antibodies attacking specific tissue antigens?
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Which condition is associated with Type III hypersensitivity due to antigen-antibody complex deposition?
Which condition is associated with Type III hypersensitivity due to antigen-antibody complex deposition?
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What is a typical symptom of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
What is a typical symptom of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
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Which component is primarily responsible for the prolonged effects observed in delayed hypersensitivity reactions?
Which component is primarily responsible for the prolonged effects observed in delayed hypersensitivity reactions?
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What effect does acidosis have on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
What effect does acidosis have on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
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Under which condition would hemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen?
Under which condition would hemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen?
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What physiological change happens when the body experiences a rise in temperature regarding oxygen transport?
What physiological change happens when the body experiences a rise in temperature regarding oxygen transport?
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How does low partial pressure of CO2 affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
How does low partial pressure of CO2 affect hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
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Which condition would most likely cause a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
Which condition would most likely cause a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
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Study Notes
Importance of ATP and Oxidative Phosphorylation
- ATP and oxidative phosphorylation are vital biochemical processes.
Acid/Base Balance
- Interpretation of acid-base balance is crucial.
- Common conditions associated with imbalances need to be understood.
- Effects of imbalances on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve are significant.
Understanding O2 Carrying: Vocabulary You Need to Know
- PaO2 is the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood. It measures how well oxygen moves from the lungs to the bloodstream.
- Oxygen content in arterial blood is measured.
- Oxygen saturation (SpO2) is the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites carrying oxygen relative to all available sites. A SpO2 of 99% means 99% of hemoglobin is carrying oxygen.
- O2 Affinity is how readily hemoglobin binds to oxygen. Higher affinity means stronger binding, which means less oxygen is released in tissues.
Oxygen-Hgb Dissociation Curve – Right Shift
- Oxygen dissociates from hemoglobin and moves to tissues due to acidosis, lactic acid production, loss of bicarbonate (e.g., diarrhea), high CO levels in lungs, and high temperatures.
Oxygen-Hgb Dissociation Curve – Left Shift
- Oxygen binds more strongly to hemoglobin when there is alkalosis (e.g., vomiting), low temperatures, and low CO2 levels. This makes it harder for oxygen to leave hemoglobin.
Hypoxemia
- Low blood oxygen.
- Causes include: hypoventilation, diffusion impairment, and ventilation/perfusion mismatch.
- Other causes like blood vessel or cardiac malformations can also lead to hypoxemia.
Filtration and Reabsorption
- Filtration: Fluid moves out of capillaries due to hydrostatic pressure.
- Reabsorption: Fluid moves back into capillaries due to oncotic pressure (primarily from albumin). Excess fluid drains into lymph.
Mechanisms of Edema Formation
- Mechanisms describe how fluid accumulates in tissues.
RAAS and Hypertension
- The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulates blood pressure by influencing salt and water retention and blood vessel tone. Issues with RAAS can impact blood pressure.
RBC's and Anemia
- Anemia classifications include microcytic hypochromic (small/low color), macrocytic normochromic (large/normal color), and normocytic normochromic (normal/normal color). Various factors such as iron deficiency, chronic bleeding, or vitamin deficiencies can cause different types of anemia.
Plasma Protein System: Clotting
- Clotting factors are proteins crucial for blood clotting. Most are made in the liver, and some are produced by endothelial cells.
Sickle Cell Disease
- An inherited disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin.
- Sickling of red blood cells can result in pain, organ damage, and other complications.
Inflammatory Response
- Inflammation is a second line of defense. Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells and mast cells are all involved in the response.. Important inflammatory chemical messengers include histamine and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Viral Infections
- Viral infections need host cell DNA to replicate, and invade cells to do so.
- Key examples such as HIV are included.
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Anaphylaxis
- Anaphylaxis is a type I hypersensitivity reaction.
- Mediated by IgE.
- Allergen exposure triggers mast cells and eosinophils to release inflammatory mediators like histamine.
Other HSR's
- This section describes various forms of hypersensitivity reactions.
- Examples such as myasthenia gravis and Goodpasture's syndrome are included.
Cardiac Terms
- Preload – filling pressure during diastole.
- Contractility – the heart's ability to contract.
- Afterload – pressure the heart needs to push against during systole.
Coronary Artery Disease
- Vascular disorders narrow or block coronary arteries.
Heart Failure
- Heart failure occurs when the heart's ability to pump blood is insufficient to meet the body's needs.
Atelectasis
- Collapse of lung tissue.
Acute Kidney Injuries
- Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes a reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urine output, leading to nitrogenous waste accumulation. Causes include pre-renal (e.g., low blood volume), intrarenal (kidney injury), and post-renal (e.g., obstruction).
Thyroid and Parathyroid Conditions
- Hypothyroidism is one condition studied.
Adrenal Crisis
- Life-threatening conditions caused by sudden decrease in cortisol and sometimes aldosterone production.
Diabetes Mellitus
- Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the pancreas doesn't produce insulin, and type 2 is characterized by insulin resistance.
Complications from Diabetes: DKA
- Lack of insulin causes the body to use fats as an energy source, resulting in accumulation of ketones.
GI
- Various gastrointestinal conditions are discussed.
Crohn's vs UC
- These are two inflammatory bowel diseases with differing characteristics.
Esophageal varices and liver diseases
- Portal hypertension is a key concept associated with cirrhosis of the liver.
Portal Hypertension and Ascites
- Conditions that lead to portal hypertension and ascites (fluid buildup in the abdomen) are discussed.
Types of Jaundice
- Conditions leading to jaundice in various body systems are examined.
Cerebral Vascular Disease
- Conditions related to cerebral vascular disease are discussed.
TIA's vs. Strokes
- Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA) are discussed in the context of stroke.
Other Neuro Conditions
- Various neurological disorders are presented.
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Description
Explore the crucial biochemical processes of ATP production, oxidative phosphorylation, and the intricate relationship of acid-base balance. Understand key concepts like oxygen carrying capacity and the significance of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. This quiz is perfect for students looking to deepen their knowledge in biochemistry and physiology.
