L1. Industrial Processes - AI MCQs
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Which of the following is NOT considered a primary metabolite during the growth phase of bacterial fermentation?

  • Nucleotides
  • Amino acids
  • Antibodies (correct)
  • Vitamins

    • What is the main characteristic of the stationary phase in bacterial fermentation?

  • Cell growth slows due to nutrient depletion. (correct)
  • Cells rapidly divide and utilize nutrients.
  • Cells experience optimal gene expression.
  • Cells die off at an accelerated rate.

    • What is the key factor to consider for optimizing production yield in fermentation processes?

  • Reducing oxygen supply
  • Minimizing cell count in growth media
  • Maintaining constant nutrient levels (correct)
  • Maximizing temperature fluctuations

    • Which of the following trace minerals is essential for the synthesis of certain enzymes in bacterial cells?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes secondary metabolites in microbial fermentation?

    <p>They often serve ecological functions and have therapeutic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fetal calf serum in mammalian cell culture media?

    <p>It supplies hormones and growth factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nutrient is glucose classified as in growth media for mammalian cells?

    <p>Sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of contamination control during cell culture, which strategy is most crucial?

    <p>Regularly monitoring cell morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary metabolite that is typically produced during the fermentation phase?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor that influences production yield in recombinant protein synthesis?

    <p>pH levels during fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is most effective for identifying contaminants in biotechnological processes?

    <p>Genomic sequencing techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is most critical for therapeutic proteins to ensure their efficacy?

    <p>Specificity to target receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily contributes to the rapid growth kinetics of E.coli for industrial processes?

    <p>Its doubling time is approximately 20 minutes in optimal conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of using mammalian cells in protein expression systems?

    <p>The technology involved is highly expensive and complicated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following secondary metabolites is well-known for its role as an antibiotic?

    <p>Penicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of using mammalian cells for therapeutic protein production?

    <p>They can perform accurate post-translational modifications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of biotechnology, what is the primary role of contaminants in cultivation systems?

    <p>Inhibiting product yields and purity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In controlling contamination during protein production, what is a common risk associated with mammalian expression systems?

    <p>Potential contamination with animal viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cultivation strategy is commonly employed to optimize production yield of proteins?

    <p>Submerged fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason why E.coli is favored in certain industrial production processes?

    <p>It performs all necessary post-translational modifications efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is least likely to impact the selection of an expression system?

    <p>Cultural significance of the protein source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common consequence of using an inappropriate expression system in recombinant protein production?

    <p>Higher likelihood of protein aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of primary metabolites during cell growth?

    <p>Their amount increases as optimal growth conditions are maintained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is NOT effective for optimizing production yields of recombinant proteins?

    <p>Maintaining high cell density at all times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are secondary metabolites produced later in the cell life cycle?

    <p>They serve as antibiotics and toxins for defense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is critical in achieving a purity level greater than 99% for pharmaceutical applications?

    <p>Implementing effective sterilization protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes viral contaminants in biotechnological production?

    <p>They can be neutralized using specific antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential health risk associated with foreign protein contaminants?

    <p>They may elicit an immune reaction in patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about controlling oxygen and temperature in the production yield of recombinant proteins?

    <p>They are critical for delaying the onset of stationary phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of bacteria present in the cultivation process?

    <p>They can lead to fevers and other serious health issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens to secondary metabolites at the end of the cell growth phase?

    <p>They peak when growth stops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can cellular DNA contaminants be effectively managed?

    <p>By implementing extensive purification procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using mammalian cells for biopharmaceutical production?

    <p>Better post-translational modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bioreactor type is most suitable for large-scale industrial applications?

    <p>Industrial bioreactors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done to optimize production yields in bioreactors?

    <p>Provide constant supply of fresh medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an important criterion for evaluating therapeutic proteins?

    <p>Proper folding and function in vivo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk associated with the use of mammalian cells in bioreactors?

    <p>Higher risk of contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of fermentation processes, what distinguishes primary metabolites from secondary metabolites?

    <p>Secondary metabolites are produced during the stationary phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bioprocess results in cultures where cells are continually supplied with fresh medium for extended periods?

    <p>Continuous process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one major reason why specific types of bioreactors are chosen for producing therapeutic proteins?

    <p>To allow for controlled environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following typically requires more complex purification processes in biopharmaceutical production?

    <p>Proteins produced in mammalian cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fermenters in biopharmaceutical production?

    <p>To cultivate microorganisms or cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biochemistry and Biotechnology Fundamentals - Industrial Processes

    • Course: 1120-111
    • Lecturer: Dr. Ahmed Hemdan
    • Department: Pharmaceutical Chemistry

    Contents

    • Definitions
    • Production steps
    • Factors affecting the selection of expression systems
    • Advantages and limitations of cultivation systems
    • Contaminants from cultivation systems

    Learning Objectives

    • Explain recombinant protein production, from gene isolation to extraction.
    • Identify factors influencing expression system selection for industrial biotechnology.
    • Discuss pros and cons of different expression systems.
    • Describe bacterial growth phases during fermentation and their impact on yield.
    • Outline methods for identifying and removing contaminants in biotechnological processes.

    Biotechnology Overview

    • Multidisciplinary field integrating natural sciences and engineering for organism applications.
    • Uses organisms to produce valuable substances/products from raw materials.
    • Includes genetic engineering.
    • Used for vaccines, enzymes, insulin, and antibodies.

    Recombinant Proteins

    • Artificially produced using genetic engineering.
    • Crucial in biomedical biotechnology, used in research and as drugs for various diseases.
    • Created by inserting a human gene into a common bacterium's genetic material.

    Recombinant Protein Examples

    • Recombinant human insulin (1982)
    • Over 130 recombinant proteins approved by the U.S. FDA for clinical use.

    Additional Recombinant Protein Uses

    • Hormones, interferons, interleukins, growth factors
    • Treatment of diabetes, dwarfism, heart failure, multiple sclerosis, other diseases

    Plasmid

    • Small circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some other microscopic organisms.
    • Physically separate from chromosomal DNA.
    • Replicate independently.

    Gene

    • Specific DNA sequence with information for functional products (usually proteins).
    • Can include RNA molecules (tRNA, rRNA).
    • Human protein-coding genes vary in length (from a few hundred to millions of bases).

    Advantages of E. Coli as a Host Organism

    • Fast growth kinetics (20 minutes doubling time in optimal conditions)
    • Rich, readily available, inexpensive media components
    • Rapid plasmid transformation (within 5 minutes)

    Mammalian Expression System Limitations

    • High cost
    • Complex technology
    • Animal virus risks
    • Advantages:
      • Post-translational modifications (glycosylation, phosphorylation) replicate human processes more closely.
      • Often produce bioactive and functional proteins in humans.
      • Suitable for both small-scale and large-scale production.

    Cultivation Systems (Bioreactors)

    • Large-scale systems for manufacturing therapeutic proteins.
    • Classifications:
      • Laboratory (<50 liters)
      • Experimental (50-50,000 liters)
      • Industrial (>50,000 liters)

    Bioreactor Processes

    • Discontinuous (batch): fills with starting material, incubate, and empty for purification
    • Continuous: continuous supply of starting material, mixture extracts end product
    • Semi-continuous: cells in reactor for 90 days, supplied with fresh medium daily

    Components of Mammalian Cell Growth Media

    • Sugars (glucose, lactose)
    • Fats (fatty acids, triglycerides)
    • Water (sterile)
    • Amino acids (glutamine)
    • Electrolytes (calcium, sodium)
    • Vitamins (ascorbic acid)
    • Fetal calf serum (proteins)
    • Trace minerals (iron, copper)
    • Hormones (growth factors)

    Characteristics of Bacterial Growth Phases

    • Lag Phase: no division; adapting to conditions
    • Exponential Phase (Log Phase): rapid cell growth
    • Stationary Phase: cell division and death rates are roughly equal
    • Death Phase: bacteria die off due to depleted resources

    Primary and Secondary Metabolites

    • Primary metabolites: synthesized during growth; essential for growth (like amino acids, vitamins).
    • Secondary metabolites: produced at later stages; not essential for growth; antibiotics and toxins.

    Recombinant Protein Production Optimization

    • Reduce lag phase duration
    • Delay stationary phase onset
    • Control culture medium pH
    • Precise oxygen and temperature control
    • Strict sterility protocols to control microbial contamination

    Potential Contaminants

    • Viruses (heat inactivation or neutralization)
    • Bacteria (removal by chromatography)
    • Cellular DNA fragments (removal)
    • Foreign proteins (potential immune reactions)

    Therapeutic Protein Production Criteria

    • Large-scale production and purification
    • Freedom from peptides/contaminants
    • Reduced risk of immune reactions
    • Meeting regulatory standards

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    Related Documents

    Industrial Processes in Biotechnology PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts in biochemistry and biotechnology, focusing on industrial processes. It examines recombinant protein production, expression systems, and methods for removing contaminants. Students will explore the intricacies of cultivation systems and their effectiveness in industrial settings.

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