L1. Industrial Processes - AI MCQs
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Which of the following is NOT considered a primary metabolite during the growth phase of bacterial fermentation?

  • Nucleotides
  • Amino acids
  • Antibodies (correct)
  • Vitamins

What is the main characteristic of the stationary phase in bacterial fermentation?

  • Cell growth slows due to nutrient depletion. (correct)
  • Cells rapidly divide and utilize nutrients.
  • Cells experience optimal gene expression.
  • Cells die off at an accelerated rate.

What is the key factor to consider for optimizing production yield in fermentation processes?

  • Reducing oxygen supply
  • Minimizing cell count in growth media
  • Maintaining constant nutrient levels (correct)
  • Maximizing temperature fluctuations

Which of the following trace minerals is essential for the synthesis of certain enzymes in bacterial cells?

<p>Iron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes secondary metabolites in microbial fermentation?

<p>They often serve ecological functions and have therapeutic effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fetal calf serum in mammalian cell culture media?

<p>It supplies hormones and growth factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nutrient is glucose classified as in growth media for mammalian cells?

<p>Sugars (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of contamination control during cell culture, which strategy is most crucial?

<p>Regularly monitoring cell morphology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary metabolite that is typically produced during the fermentation phase?

<p>Amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that influences production yield in recombinant protein synthesis?

<p>pH levels during fermentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is most effective for identifying contaminants in biotechnological processes?

<p>Genomic sequencing techniques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is most critical for therapeutic proteins to ensure their efficacy?

<p>Specificity to target receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily contributes to the rapid growth kinetics of E.coli for industrial processes?

<p>Its doubling time is approximately 20 minutes in optimal conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of using mammalian cells in protein expression systems?

<p>The technology involved is highly expensive and complicated. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following secondary metabolites is well-known for its role as an antibiotic?

<p>Penicillin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of using mammalian cells for therapeutic protein production?

<p>They can perform accurate post-translational modifications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of biotechnology, what is the primary role of contaminants in cultivation systems?

<p>Inhibiting product yields and purity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In controlling contamination during protein production, what is a common risk associated with mammalian expression systems?

<p>Potential contamination with animal viruses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cultivation strategy is commonly employed to optimize production yield of proteins?

<p>Submerged fermentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason why E.coli is favored in certain industrial production processes?

<p>It performs all necessary post-translational modifications efficiently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is least likely to impact the selection of an expression system?

<p>Cultural significance of the protein source (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common consequence of using an inappropriate expression system in recombinant protein production?

<p>Higher likelihood of protein aggregation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of primary metabolites during cell growth?

<p>Their amount increases as optimal growth conditions are maintained. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is NOT effective for optimizing production yields of recombinant proteins?

<p>Maintaining high cell density at all times (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are secondary metabolites produced later in the cell life cycle?

<p>They serve as antibiotics and toxins for defense. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is critical in achieving a purity level greater than 99% for pharmaceutical applications?

<p>Implementing effective sterilization protocols (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes viral contaminants in biotechnological production?

<p>They can be neutralized using specific antibodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential health risk associated with foreign protein contaminants?

<p>They may elicit an immune reaction in patients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about controlling oxygen and temperature in the production yield of recombinant proteins?

<p>They are critical for delaying the onset of stationary phase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of bacteria present in the cultivation process?

<p>They can lead to fevers and other serious health issues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to secondary metabolites at the end of the cell growth phase?

<p>They peak when growth stops. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can cellular DNA contaminants be effectively managed?

<p>By implementing extensive purification procedures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using mammalian cells for biopharmaceutical production?

<p>Better post-translational modifications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bioreactor type is most suitable for large-scale industrial applications?

<p>Industrial bioreactors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be done to optimize production yields in bioreactors?

<p>Provide constant supply of fresh medium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an important criterion for evaluating therapeutic proteins?

<p>Proper folding and function in vivo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk associated with the use of mammalian cells in bioreactors?

<p>Higher risk of contamination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of fermentation processes, what distinguishes primary metabolites from secondary metabolites?

<p>Secondary metabolites are produced during the stationary phase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bioprocess results in cultures where cells are continually supplied with fresh medium for extended periods?

<p>Continuous process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major reason why specific types of bioreactors are chosen for producing therapeutic proteins?

<p>To allow for controlled environmental conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following typically requires more complex purification processes in biopharmaceutical production?

<p>Proteins produced in mammalian cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fermenters in biopharmaceutical production?

<p>To cultivate microorganisms or cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mammalian cell growth media components

Essential nutrients for mammalian cell growth, including sugars, fats, water, amino acids, electrolytes, vitamins, fetal calf serum, trace minerals, and hormones.

Sugar examples in growth media

Glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, and other sugars provide energy for cell growth.

Lag phase of bacterial growth

Initial phase of bacterial growth where cells adapt to the growth conditions, but don't divide yet.

Exponential growth phase (Log phase)

Active bacterial growth phase with high cell division and optimal gene expression.

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Stationary phase of bacterial growth

Bacterial growth slows due to nutrient depletion and medium spoilage.

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Death phase of bacterial growth

Bacteria die off in this final phase.

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Primary metabolites

Essential compounds synthesized by cells during growth, crucial for cell function (like amino acids, vitamins).

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Growth factors in growth media

Hormones that stimulate cell growth and division. They are also part of growth media.

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Recombinant protein production

The process of producing proteins using genetically modified organisms.

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Expression system selection

Choosing the best organism (e.g., bacteria, yeast) to produce a desired protein.

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Expression system advantages

Benefits of using a particular expression system (e.g., high yield, low cost).

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Expression system limitations

Disadvantages of using a particular expression system (e.g., low yield, high cost).

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Bacterial growth phases

Stages of bacterial growth during fermentation, affecting production yield.

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Contaminant identification

Methods used to detect unwanted organisms or substances in biotechnological processes.

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Contaminant removal

Techniques to eliminate or reduce unwanted elements in biotechnological processes.

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Industrial biotechnology

Using biological processes (often microorganisms) to manufacture products.

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Production steps

Detailed steps used to produce a desired molecule or product in biotechnological processes.

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Cultivation systems

Different ways of growing microorganisms (e.g., batch, continuous) in biotechnology.

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Biologics Production

The creation of biological drugs like proteins, enzymes, and antibodies using living cells.

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Mammalian Cells

Living cells from animals commonly used to produce biologics, like antibodies.

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Bioreactors

Large tanks used to grow cells and produce large quantities of biologics.

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Fermenters

Another name for bioreactors, especially used for growing microorganisms.

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Types of Bioreactors

Bioreactors are categorized into lab, experimental, and industrial sizes, depending on the scale of production.

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Batch Process

A process where cells are incubated in a bioreactor for a short time, then the products are collected.

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Continuous Process

A process where fresh medium is continuously added to a bioreactor, allowing cells to grow for longer periods.

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Fed-Batch Process

A process where fresh medium is added to a bioreactor periodically, extending the cell growth period.

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Scale-up in Bioreactors

Increasing the size of the bioreactor to produce larger quantities of biologics.

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Purification of Biologics

The process of separating and cleaning the desired product from the rest of the bioreactor contents.

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Secondary Metabolites

Compounds produced by cells in the late stage of growth, often used for defense or communication, and not essential for normal cell function.

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What are some examples of secondary metabolites?

Examples include antibiotics, toxins, and pigments, many with medicinal or industrial uses.

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Optimizing Production Yield

Improving the production of a desired product, such as a protein, in a cell culture.

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Lag Phase

Initial stage of cell growth where cells adapt to their environment but do not divide yet.

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Stationary Phase

The stage where cell growth slows down due to factors like nutrient depletion and waste accumulation.

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Contamination in Bioproduction

Unwanted substances in a cell culture, such as viruses, bacteria, or foreign proteins.

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Viral Contaminants

Viruses that could be present in a cell culture, potentially harming the product or patient.

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How to remove Viral Contaminants

Methods include chromatography, heat inactivation, or using antibodies to neutralize the virus.

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Foreign Protein Contaminants

Proteins from other sources that could cause immune reactions in the patient.

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E. coli Advantages

E. coli (a bacterium) is a popular choice for producing proteins in biotechnology due to its fast growth rate, simple nutrient requirements, and ease of genetic manipulation.

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Mammalian Cell Advantages

Mammalian cells are preferred for producing complex biopharmaceuticals, as they can correctly fold and modify proteins, resulting in products that are more similar to human proteins.

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Why are mammalian cells expensive?

Mammalian cell cultures are costly due to the complex growth media required, specialized equipment needed for large-scale production, and strict regulatory requirements ensuring safety.

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What is a host system?

A host system is a living organism, like a bacterium or a mammalian cell, used to produce a desired protein or product in biotechnology.

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What are post-translational modifications?

These are changes made to a protein after it's formed, like adding sugars or phosphate groups. They are crucial for the protein's function and often require a host system that can mimic human processes.

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Study Notes

Biochemistry and Biotechnology Fundamentals - Industrial Processes

  • Course: 1120-111
  • Lecturer: Dr. Ahmed Hemdan
  • Department: Pharmaceutical Chemistry

Contents

  • Definitions
  • Production steps
  • Factors affecting the selection of expression systems
  • Advantages and limitations of cultivation systems
  • Contaminants from cultivation systems

Learning Objectives

  • Explain recombinant protein production, from gene isolation to extraction.
  • Identify factors influencing expression system selection for industrial biotechnology.
  • Discuss pros and cons of different expression systems.
  • Describe bacterial growth phases during fermentation and their impact on yield.
  • Outline methods for identifying and removing contaminants in biotechnological processes.

Biotechnology Overview

  • Multidisciplinary field integrating natural sciences and engineering for organism applications.
  • Uses organisms to produce valuable substances/products from raw materials.
  • Includes genetic engineering.
  • Used for vaccines, enzymes, insulin, and antibodies.

Recombinant Proteins

  • Artificially produced using genetic engineering.
  • Crucial in biomedical biotechnology, used in research and as drugs for various diseases.
  • Created by inserting a human gene into a common bacterium's genetic material.

Recombinant Protein Examples

  • Recombinant human insulin (1982)
  • Over 130 recombinant proteins approved by the U.S. FDA for clinical use.

Additional Recombinant Protein Uses

  • Hormones, interferons, interleukins, growth factors
  • Treatment of diabetes, dwarfism, heart failure, multiple sclerosis, other diseases

Plasmid

  • Small circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some other microscopic organisms.
  • Physically separate from chromosomal DNA.
  • Replicate independently.

Gene

  • Specific DNA sequence with information for functional products (usually proteins).
  • Can include RNA molecules (tRNA, rRNA).
  • Human protein-coding genes vary in length (from a few hundred to millions of bases).

Advantages of E. Coli as a Host Organism

  • Fast growth kinetics (20 minutes doubling time in optimal conditions)
  • Rich, readily available, inexpensive media components
  • Rapid plasmid transformation (within 5 minutes)

Mammalian Expression System Limitations

  • High cost
  • Complex technology
  • Animal virus risks
  • Advantages:
    • Post-translational modifications (glycosylation, phosphorylation) replicate human processes more closely.
    • Often produce bioactive and functional proteins in humans.
    • Suitable for both small-scale and large-scale production.

Cultivation Systems (Bioreactors)

  • Large-scale systems for manufacturing therapeutic proteins.
  • Classifications:
    • Laboratory (<50 liters)
    • Experimental (50-50,000 liters)
    • Industrial (>50,000 liters)

Bioreactor Processes

  • Discontinuous (batch): fills with starting material, incubate, and empty for purification
  • Continuous: continuous supply of starting material, mixture extracts end product
  • Semi-continuous: cells in reactor for 90 days, supplied with fresh medium daily

Components of Mammalian Cell Growth Media

  • Sugars (glucose, lactose)
  • Fats (fatty acids, triglycerides)
  • Water (sterile)
  • Amino acids (glutamine)
  • Electrolytes (calcium, sodium)
  • Vitamins (ascorbic acid)
  • Fetal calf serum (proteins)
  • Trace minerals (iron, copper)
  • Hormones (growth factors)

Characteristics of Bacterial Growth Phases

  • Lag Phase: no division; adapting to conditions
  • Exponential Phase (Log Phase): rapid cell growth
  • Stationary Phase: cell division and death rates are roughly equal
  • Death Phase: bacteria die off due to depleted resources

Primary and Secondary Metabolites

  • Primary metabolites: synthesized during growth; essential for growth (like amino acids, vitamins).
  • Secondary metabolites: produced at later stages; not essential for growth; antibiotics and toxins.

Recombinant Protein Production Optimization

  • Reduce lag phase duration
  • Delay stationary phase onset
  • Control culture medium pH
  • Precise oxygen and temperature control
  • Strict sterility protocols to control microbial contamination

Potential Contaminants

  • Viruses (heat inactivation or neutralization)
  • Bacteria (removal by chromatography)
  • Cellular DNA fragments (removal)
  • Foreign proteins (potential immune reactions)

Therapeutic Protein Production Criteria

  • Large-scale production and purification
  • Freedom from peptides/contaminants
  • Reduced risk of immune reactions
  • Meeting regulatory standards

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in biochemistry and biotechnology, focusing on industrial processes. It examines recombinant protein production, expression systems, and methods for removing contaminants. Students will explore the intricacies of cultivation systems and their effectiveness in industrial settings.

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