Biochemistry and Analytical Chemistry Fundamentals

Definition: Study of chemical processes within and related to living organisms.
Key Molecules:
- Proteins: Amino acids, structure, function, enzymes.
- Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA structure, replication, transcription, translation.
- Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, functions in energy and structure.
- Lipids: Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, functions in cell membranes and energy storage.
Metabolism:
- Catabolism: Breakdown of molecules to produce energy.
- Anabolism: Synthesis of compounds from simpler substances.

Definition: The study of the composition of materials and the development of tools used to separate, identify, and quantify matter.
Techniques:
- Qualitative Analysis: Identifies the components of a substance.
- Quantitative Analysis: Measures the amount of a substance.
- Chromatography: Separation based on distribution between stationary and mobile phases.
- Spectroscopy: Interaction of light with matter to analyze composition.
Applications: Environmental monitoring, pharmaceuticals, food safety.

Definition: Study of how matter behaves on a molecular and atomic level and how chemical reactions occur.
Key Concepts:
- Thermodynamics: Energy changes and heat transfer in chemical reactions.
- Kinetics: Rates of reactions and factors affecting them.
- Quantum Chemistry: Application of quantum mechanics to chemical systems.
- Chemical Equilibrium: Dynamic balance between reactants and products in a reversible reaction.

Definition: Study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of carbon-containing compounds.
Functional Groups: Key to understanding reactivity and properties:
- Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines.
Reactions:
- Addition Reactions: Adding atoms to a double or triple bond.
- Substitution Reactions: Replacing one functional group with another.
- Elimination Reactions: Removing atoms to form double or triple bonds.
Stereochemistry: Study of spatial arrangement of atoms and its effects on chemical behavior.

Definition: Study of inorganic compounds, typically those that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Key Areas:
- Coordination Chemistry: Study of coordination compounds and metal complexes.
- Solid State Chemistry: Properties and structures of solid inorganic materials.
- Bioinorganic Chemistry: Role of metals in biological systems.
Important Concepts:
- Acids and Bases: Lewis and Bronsted-Lowry definitions.
- Oxidation States: Charge of an atom in a compound, crucial for redox reactions.

Focuses on chemical processes in living organisms.
Key Molecules:
- Proteins: Composed of amino acids; essential for structure, function, and as enzymes.
- Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA involved in genetic information, replication, transcription, and translation.
- Carbohydrates: Includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; serve energy and structural roles.
- Lipids: Comprised of fatty acids, triglycerides, and phospholipids; critical for cell membranes and energy storage.
Metabolism:
- Catabolism: Energy production through the breakdown of molecules.
- Anabolism: Formation of complex compounds from simpler ones.

Studies the composition of materials and the development of quantitative and qualitative measurement tools.
Techniques:
- Qualitative Analysis: Identifies the components within a substance.
- Quantitative Analysis: Measures the concentration or amount of a substance.
- Chromatography: Separation technique based on the distribution of components between stationary and mobile phases.
- Spectroscopy: Analyzes composition through interaction of light and matter.
Applications: Includes environmental monitoring, pharmaceuticals, and food safety.

Examines the behavior of matter at atomic and molecular levels and the dynamics of chemical reactions.
Key Concepts:
- Thermodynamics: Studies energy changes and heat transfer during chemical reactions.
- Kinetics: Investigates reaction rates and influencing factors.
- Quantum Chemistry: Utilizes quantum mechanics to understand chemical systems.
- Chemical Equilibrium: The state when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal in a reversible reaction.

Focuses on carbon-containing compound structure, properties, reactions, and synthesis.
Functional Groups: Essential for determining reactivity, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and amines.
Reactions:
- Addition Reactions: Involve the addition of atoms to double or triple bonds.
- Substitution Reactions: Replace one functional group with another.
- Elimination Reactions: Remove atoms to create double or triple bonds.
Stereochemistry: Examines the spatial arrangement of atoms and its impact on chemical behavior.

Studies inorganic compounds, predominantly those lacking carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Key Areas:
- Coordination Chemistry: Examines coordination compounds and metal complexes.
- Solid State Chemistry: Investigates properties and structures of solid inorganic substances.
- Bioinorganic Chemistry: Explores the role of metals in biological systems.
Important Concepts:
- Acids and Bases: Includes Lewis and Bronsted-Lowry definitions for understanding acidity and basicity.
- Oxidation States: Represents the charge of an atom in a compound, crucial for understanding redox reactions.