Biochemistry 1 (PHB231) - Vitamins
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with Vitamin A?

  • Supports cognitive development (correct)
  • Participates in vision
  • Supports reproduction
  • Supports growth
  • Which of the following factors is NOT necessary for the formation of calcitriol from Vitamin D?

  • Conversion of calcidiol in the liver
  • Conversion of calcidiol in the kidneys
  • Irradiation with ultraviolet light
  • Binding with Vitamin D-binding protein (correct)
  • Which nutrient is classified as a micronutrient?

  • Fat
  • Vitamins (correct)
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • What is the primary consequence of Vitamin A deficiency?

    <p>Xerophthalmia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding fat-soluble vitamins is correct?

    <p>They require dietary fat for absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a deficiency of Vitamin B1 also known as?

    <p>Beriberi syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vitamins is crucial for the synthesis of DNA and RNA?

    <p>Vitamin B9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What syndrome is associated with a deficiency in Vitamin B3?

    <p>Pellagra syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is known for its role in stabilizing Vitamin E and enhancing iron absorption?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a symptom of Vitamin B6 deficiency?

    <p>Dementia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What vitamin deficiency can lead to folic acid deficiency anemia?

    <p>Vitamin B9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of riboflavin deficiency?

    <p>Cheilosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vitamin D in the body?

    <p>To facilitate the absorption of calcium from the intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with vitamin D deficiency?

    <p>Rickets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is primarily responsible for neutralizing free radicals in the body?

    <p>Vitamin E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A deficiency in which vitamin can lead to bleeding disorders due to its role in blood-clotting?

    <p>Vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a known consequence of vitamin E deficiency?

    <p>Nerve damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does vitamin E function as an antioxidant?

    <p>By converting free radicals into stable compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can antibiotics affect vitamin K levels in the body?

    <p>By inhibiting its synthesis in the intestines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vitamin is vitamin K classified as?

    <p>An anti-hemorrhagic vitamin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biochemistry 1 (PHB231) - Vitamins

    • Vitamins are a group of essential nutrients, categorized as either fat-soluble or water-soluble.

    • Macronutrients are needed in larger quantities and are a source of energy. Micronutrients, including vitamins and minerals, are equally important but are consumed in smaller amounts and are not a source of energy.

    Classifications of Vitamins

    • Fat-soluble vitamins include Vitamins A, D, E, and K.
    • Water-soluble vitamins include Vitamins B and C.

    Fat-Soluble Vitamins

    Vitamin A

    • Vitamin A is grouped as unsaturated nutritional organic compounds, including retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and carotenoids (beta carotene).
    • Functions: Retinol supports reproduction; retinal is involved in vision; retinoic acid supports growth; beta-carotene acts as an antioxidant.
    • Deficiency: Xerophthalmia (dry eyes), keratinization, decreased mucosal immunity.

    Vitamin D

    • Obtained by irradiating provitamin D with ultraviolet light.
    • Responsible for intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, and magnesium.
    • Available in two forms: Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol).
    • Mechanism: Carried to the liver, converted into calcidiol (prohormone); in kidneys, calcidiol is converted to calcitriol (biologically active form); released into circulation; transported to body organs through binding with Vitamin D-binding protein. -Functions: A steroid hormone; facilitates calcium absorption from the intestine; maintains calcium homeostasis.
    • Deficiency: Rickets (bones fail to calcify normally, causing growth retardation and skeletal abnormalities); Osteoporosis (lack of calcium resulting in porous and brittle bones).

    Vitamin E

    • A naturally occurring antioxidant, also known as tocopherols.
    • Known for its anti-aging properties.
    • Mechanism: Free radicals (superoxide, hydroxyl ions, nitric oxide) contain unpaired electrons; antioxidants (like Vitamin E) bind with free radicals, neutralizing unpaired electrons; Vitamin E binds to O2⁻ to form tocopherylquinone.
    • Functions: Antioxidant; protects cell membrane from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other polyunsaturated fatty acids like Vitamin A.
    • Deficiency: Can lead to reproductive dysfunction, hemolytic anemia, and nerve damage.

    Vitamin K

    • Also known as anti-hemorrhagic vitamin.
    • Naturally produced by bacteria in the intestine.
    • Essential for producing a type of protein (prothrombin) vital for blood clotting.
    • Forms: Phylloquinone and Menaquinones (MK-n).
    • Functions: Necessary for formation of several blood-clotting factors in the liver; deficiency leads to bleeding disorders.
    • Deficiency: May be caused by antibiotics; hemorrhaging; malabsorption.

    Water-Soluble Vitamins

    Vitamin B Complex

    • Group of B vitamins include B1 (thiamine), B2( Riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6, B9 (folic acid), and B12.
    • Various functions in the body related to nerve and muscle function, carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, DNA & RNA synthesis, RBCs and WBCs formation.
    • Specific deficiencies lead to specific symptoms for each vitamin.

    Vitamin C

    • Ascorbic acid.
    • Functions as a cofactor, enzyme complement and a powerful antioxidant.
    • Stabilizes vitamin E and folic acid, and enhances iron absorption.
    • Mechanism: Scavenges free radicals and reactive oxygen molecules; prevents the formation of carcinogens from precursor compounds.
    • Functions: Coenzyme for collagen formation; involved in carnitine's role in fatty acid oxidation; necessary for conversions of amino acids to neurotransmitters; assists in hormone production; antihistaminic properties for congestion relief.
    • Deficiency: Scurvy (bleeding gums, loosened teeth, pinpoint hemorrhages, bone fragility, poor wound healing, frequent infections).

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    Description

    Explore the essential nutrients known as vitamins in this quiz from Biochemistry 1. Discover the differences between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins and their classifications. Learn about the functions, sources, and deficiencies related to key vitamins.

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