Biochemistry 1: Minerals

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Questions and Answers

What is the recommended daily intake of phosphorus for adults?

1200-1500mg/d

2000-2500mg/d

500-700mg/d

800-1000mg/d (correct)

Where is most of the body's phosphorus found?

Liver

Brain

Muscles

Bones and teeth (correct)

What is the normal range of plasma inorganic phosphorus?

7-10 mg/dl

5-7 mg/dl

1-3 mg/dl

3-5 mg/dl (correct)

What is the main function of phosphorus in bone formation?

Deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of iron for pregnant women?

30 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

Where does the absorption of iron occur?

Duodenum and proximal jejunum Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of iron absorption?

Mucosal block theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the Ca/P ratio in adults?

40 Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum daily requirement of calcium for a child?

1000 mg Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a source of calcium?

Leafy vegetables Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of calcium based on its daily requirement?

Macromineral Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following minerals is classified as a Micromineral?

Iron Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of zinc in the body?

It is an essential cofactor for many enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following minerals is required for the structure of bones?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of calcium for pregnant women?

1500 mg Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of calcium is present in body fluids and other tissues?

1% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Microminerals?

Required in amounts less than 100 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of diffusible calcium in the blood?

Essential for blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of hypercalcemia?

Primary hyperparathyroidism Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of acute calcium deficiency?

Tetany Signup and view all the answers

Where is the absorption of calcium primarily located?

Upper part of the small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary excretion route of calcium?

Feces Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

Regulation of contraction of muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is a source of phosphorus in the diet?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the ferric state of iron?

Fe+++ Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of reductase in the body?

To convert ferric iron to ferrous iron Signup and view all the answers

What is the total body iron of an adult male?

3-5 grams Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of myoglobin in the body?

To store oxygen in the muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of iron deficiency anemia?

Decreased absorption of iron Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of hemochromatosis?

Abnormal increase of iron absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of zinc in the diet?

Both plant-based and animal-based foods Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of zinc in the body?

For growth and reproduction, and tissue repair and wound healing Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Minerals

Definition: Inorganic compounds needed as structural components and regulators of body processes.
Classification:
- Macrominerals (Bulk elements): Required in amounts > 100 mg/day, including 7 elements: Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Sulfur, and Magnesium.
- Microminerals (Trace elements): Required in amounts < 100 mg/day, including 11 elements: Iron, Iodine, Copper, Zinc, Fluoride, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium, Chromium, Cobalt, and Silicon.

Calcium

Sources: Milk and milk products, leafy vegetables, and egg yolk.
Daily requirements:
- Child: 1000 mg/d
- Adults: 800 mg/d
- Pregnant women: 1500 mg/d
Absorption: Active process in the upper part of the small intestine, requiring calcium-binding protein.
Distribution: 99% in bones and teeth, 1% in body fluids and other tissues.
Plasma calcium: 9-11 mg/dl, present in 2 forms: Diffusible calcium (50% of total serum calcium) and Non-diffusible calcium.
Functions:
- Calcification of bones and teeth
- Regulation of transmission of nerve impulses
- Regulation of contraction of muscles
- Blood clotting mechanism
- Cardiac conduction
- Acts as a second messenger for hormonal action
Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia:
- Causes: Primary hyperparathyroidism, ectopic cells, excess intake of vitamin D or calcium, bone diseases
- Effects: Stone formation, calcification in different tissues
- Causes: Hypoparathyroidism, alkalosis, kidney diseases, vitamin D inhibition
- Effects: Tetany, Rickets, Osteomalacia

Phosphorus

Sources: Milk and milk products, fish, meat, liver, kidney, and leafy vegetables.
Daily requirements:
- Adults: 800-1000 mg/d
- Pregnant women: 1500-2000 mg/d
Absorption: Active transport mechanism, affected by factors that affect calcium absorption.
Distribution: 600 gm in skeleton (bones and teeth), 700 gm total body phosphorus.
Plasma phosphorus: 3-5 mg/dl, present in 2 forms: Inorganic phosphate and Organic phosphate.
Functions:
- Formation of bones
- Plasma buffers (phosphate buffers)
- Cellular components: Nucleic acids, Phospholipids, Phosphoproteins, Coenzymes, Second messengers

Iron

Sources: Meat, liver, kidney, nuts, beans, and dates.
Daily requirements:
- Adults: 10 mg/day
- Pregnant and lactating women: 30 mg/day
Absorption and Transport: 10-20% of dietary iron absorbed in the duodenum and proximal jejunum, via Mucosal block theory.
Iron Containing proteins:
- Hemoglobin: carries oxygen
- Myoglobin: stores oxygen
- Respiratory enzymes: use oxygen
- Cytochrome P450: detoxicates drugs and oxygen
- Other enzymes: catalase, peroxidase, and tryptophan oxygenase
Clinical abnormalities:
- Iron deficiency anemia: causes, decreased intake, decreased absorption, increased loss, and increased requirements.
- Iron overload: causes, repeated blood transfusion, intravenous administration of iron, and hemochromatosis.

Zinc

Sources: Meat, liver, eggs, seafood, milk, and whole grain cereals.
Absorption: Occurs mainly in small intestine.
Functions:
- Essential for growth and reproduction
- Plays a role in tissue repair and wound healing
- Forms a complex with insulin in pancreas, helping storage and release of insulin.

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Description

This lecture covers the biochemical classification of minerals, their functions, signs of clinical deficiency and over production, and mechanism of absorption.