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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of biochemical profiling?

To eliminate the need for any laboratory tests

To identify all diseases present in an individual

To assess the physiological status and improve treatment plans (correct)

To measure the exact concentration of glucose only

Which factor should NOT be considered when selecting biochemical tests?

The best interest of the patient

The statistical significance of all possible tests (correct)

The potential cost of unnecessary tests

The efficiency of the tests

In colorimetric assays, what is used to detect the presence of glucose?

Horse Radish Peroxidase (correct)

D-Gluconic Acid

Glucose Oxidase

Hydrogen peroxide

What does optical density (OD) measure in biochemical testing?

The amount of light absorbed by a solution Signup and view all the answers

How can unknown concentrations of biomolecules be determined using a known sample plot?

By tracing the OD value horizontally to the line of best fit Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of a screening test?

It reflects the general conditions of an individual. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately differentiates plasma from serum?

Plasma contains anticoagulants whereas serum does not. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a specific function test?

Urea and electrolytes analysis Signup and view all the answers

What process is used to separate light and heavy fluids in blood samples?

Centrifugation Signup and view all the answers

Why is the serum urea level important in medical testing?

It indicates the effectiveness of renal function. Signup and view all the answers

What type of sample can be used for both specific function tests and screening tests?

Blood and urine Signup and view all the answers

How do electrolytes influence health assessment?

They reflect general conditions and renal function. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a specific function test from a screening test?

Specific function tests offer detailed information. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of venous plasma sampling?

Analyzing blood cell contents Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding arterial plasma sampling is true?

It measures partial pressure of gases and pH. Signup and view all the answers

For which patient scenario is capillary sampling most appropriately used?

Infants and patients with fragile veins Signup and view all the answers

What is produced from the breakdown of protein and amino acids in the liver?

Urea Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is used to convert urea into ammonium?

Urease Signup and view all the answers

During the measurement of blood urea, what is the initial blood sample processing step?

Centrifuge to extract serum from clotted blood Signup and view all the answers

What happens to NADH during the conversion of ammonium and 2-oxoglutarate into glutamate?

It is oxidized to NAD. Signup and view all the answers

What condition is indicated by hypoxaemia?

Low oxygen tension in circulation Signup and view all the answers

What does a high level of urea typically indicate?

Kidney function alteration or dehydration Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT associated with low urea levels?

Dehydration Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the Troponin complex indicates cardiac muscle damage?

TnI Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the reference electrode in ion selective electrodes (ISE)?

To allow all ion influx into the electrode Signup and view all the answers

What factors can affect the reference ranges for medical tests?

Biological sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status Signup and view all the answers

In the detection of Troponin, what does the second antibody attach to?

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) Signup and view all the answers

What does a potential difference between the reference electrode and sample electrode indicate?

Specific ion concentration in the sample Signup and view all the answers

What does abnormal levels of Troponin indicate?

Ischaemic cardiac damage Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biochemical Tests

Biochemical profiling assesses an individual's physiological status, aiding diagnosis and improving treatment plans.
Efficient test selection, valid justification, and patient benefit are crucial.
Biomolecules are measured by how they absorb light (optical density).
Colorimetric assays use color changes to quantify biomolecules.
Glucose is converted to D-Gluconic acid by glucose oxidase, producing hydrogen peroxide.
Hydrogen peroxide reacts with HRP to produce a measurable color change (540-570nm wavelength).
Unknown concentrations are determined by plotting a standard curve with known samples.

Screening vs. Specific Function Tests

Screening tests provide general information rapidly.
Specific function tests offer detailed information on specific systems.
Common samples for testing include blood, urine, saliva, and sweat.
Urea and electrolytes are frequently analyzed, reflecting renal function and electrolyte balance.
Plasma (unclotted) or serum (clotted) can be used. Plasma is often preferred for specific tests.
Venous sampling is common for analyzing blood cell contents.
Arterial sampling measures gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH).
Capillary sampling is suitable for infants, fragile veins, and burns.

Urea and Electrolytes

Urea is a protein/amino acid breakdown product, processed by the liver, and excreted by the kidneys.
Urea is measured by converting it to ammonium, which then yields a measurable color change.
High urea often indicates kidney problems or dehydration.
Low urea may indicate liver disease, starvation, or pregnancy.
Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) measure electrolytes. ISES have a reference and a sample electrode.
Electrolyte imbalances can result from renal issues, dehydration, or liver failure.

Reference Ranges

Reference ranges indicate healthy values, influenced by factors like sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.
Reference ranges are important for evaluating test results.

Myocardial Infarction (MI) and Troponin

Troponin is a protein in heart muscle cells.
Elevated troponin levels in blood indicate possible heart muscle damage (ischemic cardiac damage).
Troponin levels are analyzed using special antibodies and a luminometer.

Patient Case Study

Diabetic ketoacidosis results in the increased metabolic breakdown of fats, producing ketone bodies.
High levels of ketone bodies can cause acidosis (lower blood pH).

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Description

This quiz provides an overview of biochemical tests used in assessing physiological status. It covers the principles of biochemical profiling, colorimetric assays, and the differences between screening and specific function tests. Important concepts such as glucose oxidation and sample analysis will also be explored.