Biochemical Markers for Disease Diagnosis and Prognosis
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Questions and Answers

What is a biomarker?

  • A type of bacterial infection in the body
  • A type of medical imaging technique
  • A biological molecule indicating a normal or abnormal process (correct)
  • A genetic material used to diagnose a disease
  • In the context of disease, what does prognosis refer to?

  • The therapeutic agents prescribed for the treatment of a disease
  • The future outcome of a disease (correct)
  • Measuring the activity of other enzymes in the body
  • Diagnosing a disease based on signs and symptoms
  • Which type of enzymes have a high level of activity in plasma compared to tissue cells?

  • Enzymes used as therapeutic agents
  • Plasma-specific enzymes (correct)
  • Analytical reagents enzymes
  • Nonplasma-specific enzymes
  • How are enzymes used as biomarkers in the diagnosis/prognosis of diseases?

    <p>By being plasma-specific and performing functions in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a plasma-specific enzyme?

    <p>Thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes as biomarkers in diagnosing and tracking diseases?

    <p>To provide information about specific disease processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the presence of intracellular enzymes in their cells of origin?

    <p>Defective cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does not affect serum enzyme levels?

    <p>Glucose excess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indicator of hepatocellular injury?

    <p>Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate transaminase (AST)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ischemia characterized by?

    <p>Deficient supply of blood to a body part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is not used to assess cardiac function?

    <p>Alanine transaminase (ALT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary indicator of pancreatic function?

    <p>Serum amylase and lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of plasma oncotic pressure is maintained by albumin?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In hypoalbuminemia, which of the following can cause increased losses of albumin?

    <p>Increased catabolism in infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of hypoalbuminemia related to edema?

    <p>Low oncotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be a cause of hyperalbuminemia?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are tumor markers used for?

    <p>Diagnosis and management of a tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of albumin related to transport in the blood?

    <p>Transporting lipid-soluble molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Albumin Functions

    • Maintains oncotic pressure (80% of plasma oncotic pressure)
    • Regulates fluid distribution in and outside cells
    • Maintains plasma volume
    • Plays a buffering role
    • Transports lipid-soluble molecules, hormones, calcium, and drugs in blood

    Hypoalbuminemia

    • Causes: decreased albumin synthesis, increased volume of albumin distribution, and increased losses of albumin
    • Effects: edema due to low oncotic pressure, reduced transport of substances in plasma, and albumin level drops in liver disease causing low oncotic pressure

    Hyperalbuminemia

    • Cause: dehydration
    • Tumor markers: α-fetoprotein (AFP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA)
    • α-fetoprotein: high levels in newborn babies, low levels in adults

    Biomarkers

    • Definition: a biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that indicates a normal or abnormal process, such as a condition or disease
    • Used for diagnosis and follow-up of disease
    • Examples: α-fetoprotein, PSA, and enzymes (e.g., ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, troponin, and CPK)

    Enzymatic Diagnosis and Prognosis of Disease

    • Enzymes used clinically in three ways: as indicators (biomarkers), analytical reagents, and therapeutic agents
    • Plasma-specific enzymes: normally present in plasma, perform functions in blood, and have high levels of activity in plasma
    • Nonplasma-specific enzymes: present inside cells, released into body fluids in high concentrations due to cell damage or defective cell membrane

    Assessment of Organ Function

    • Liver function: alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) for hepatocellular injury, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) for cholestasis
    • Cardiac function: troponin and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK)
    • Pancreatic function: serum amylase and lipase

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    Description

    Explore the role of biochemical markers in diagnosing and monitoring diseases. Learn about enzymatic and plasma protein markers, as well as tumor markers such as α-fetoprotein and PSA. Understand the significance of biomarkers in indicating normal or abnormal processes in the body.

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