BioChem C785 Carbohydrates and ATP Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is pyruvate transformed into?

lactate

Insulin signaling results in an increased transport of __ into cells, which allows the cell to subsequently increase synthesis and store energy in the form of in the liver and in the adipose.

protein, glucose, glycogen, fatty acids

glucose, protein, fatty acids, glycogen

glucose, protein, glycogen, triglycerides (correct)

fatty acid, glucose, protein, triglycerides

Resistance to the effects of insulin leads to which type of diabetes mellitus?

Type II diabetes (correct)

Type I diabetes

Both types of diabetes

How do GluT transporters aid in glucose transport into a cell?

by acting as a channel to allow transport of glucose into the cell. Signup and view all the answers

A type II diabetes patient who has been on metformin treatment and has a current A1C level reading of 7%. What does this indicate about his treatment response?

No, the patient is not responding to the treatment since the normal range of A1C levels in healthy individuals is 0-5% Signup and view all the answers

Why would a marathon runner be advised to carb load before a race?

Loading on carbohydrates will increase glucose levels. Under high glucose conditions, cells perform glycogenesis to store energy. Signup and view all the answers

What dietary consideration should Jason, who has a glycogen storage disease, keep in mind?

Low carbohydrate because he is unable to use stored glycogen for a quick source of energy. Signup and view all the answers

How can Billy continue his hunger strike long after his glycogen supply has been used up?

He uses glycerol, some amino acids, and other molecules to create new glucose. Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological benefit of consuming a meal containing 80% complex carbohydrates before a climb?

Improving glycogen stores in liver and muscle. Signup and view all the answers

What is most likely to happen with a patient who has not eaten a full meal for three months?

He is likely to have lost adipose tissue and muscle mass. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true for a child with glycogen storage disease regarding glucose metabolism?

Since glucose can be partially but not fully metabolized, there is an increased concentration of the intermediate compounds favoring glycogen production. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the main source of energy used in the cell?

Adenosine triphosphate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a coenzyme? (check all that apply)

Q10 Signup and view all the answers

Metformin treatment is able to lower blood glucose levels by _ gluconeogenesis in the liver cells and ___ Glut4 translocation in the muscle or fat cells.

decreasing, increasing Signup and view all the answers

Which processes occur in the mitochondria? (check all that apply)

Electron Transport Chain Signup and view all the answers

Carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids can all enter the citric acid cycle through which molecule?

Acetyl-CoA Signup and view all the answers

During oxidative phosphorylation, the enzyme _______ produces ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

ATP synthase Signup and view all the answers

Insulin is a hormone that is secreted when blood glucose is _. This hormone stimulates _ in the cell.

high, glycogenesis Signup and view all the answers

When oxygen is low, muscle and liver cells can participate in the Cori Cycle in which the muscle cells produce which is then converted to in the liver.

lactate, glucose Signup and view all the answers

In the electron transport chain, the movement of electrons provides energy that allows to be pumped through the membrane leading to an accumulation in the ____.

protons, intermembrane space Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for glucose?

C6H12O6 Signup and view all the answers

The breakdown of starch is ________ process.

a catabolic Signup and view all the answers

The Cori cycle is an anaerobic or aerobic?

anaerobic - no O2 Signup and view all the answers

Aerobic respiration generates around ____ ATP per glucose molecule.

30 Signup and view all the answers

What is step 1 of the 3-step process that glucose undergoes to create ATP?

glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is step 2 of the 3-step process that glucose undergoes to create ATP?

citric acid cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is step 3 of the 3-step process that glucose undergoes to create ATP?

electron transport chain + oxidative phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

Oxygen is not required for this phase of the process to break down glucose and create ATP.

glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the central pathway in aerobic respiration?

citric acid cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is a three-carbon compound that is one of the products of glycolysis?

pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

Glucose production, or ________________________ , serves to supply glucose once glycogen stores are exhausted.

gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

_____________________ is a broad term used to describe the process of producing energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen.

fermentation Signup and view all the answers

The process of converting the lactate to glucose is known as ______________.

gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What are the two key roles of gluconeogenesis?

It prevents acidosis since it consumes lactic acid; it produces glucose that can be used by the peripheral muscle cells. Signup and view all the answers

Lactate's conversion back into glucose in the liver cell is referred to as the lactic acid cycle or the __.

Cori cycle Signup and view all the answers

The Cori Cycle includes the breakdown of glucose by __________ , which produces ATP.

Glycolysis, 2 ATP Signup and view all the answers

The creation of glucose through the process of gluconeogenesis requires ATP and is an ___ process.

6 ATP, anabolic Signup and view all the answers

During gluconeogenesis, how many ATP molecules are consumed for each glucose molecule produced?

6 Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule signals the liver to release glucose by breaking down glycogen?

Glucagon Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is regenerated with the production of lactate during anaerobic metabolism?

NAD+ Signup and view all the answers

During aerobic metabolism, acetyl-CoA is produced from which molecule?

Pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

Why would a marathon runner consume a large meal full of complex carbohydrates the night before her run?

To replenish cellular stores of glycogen Signup and view all the answers

Why must red blood cells rely solely on glycolysis to make ATP?

Red blood cells lack mitochondria. Signup and view all the answers

What are advanced glycation end products (AGEs)?

Glucose molecules linked to lipids or proteins without the need for enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Why are blood glucose levels high in patients with unmanaged Diabetes Mellitus?

Cells do not move enough GLUT4 transporters to their cell membranes. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of molecule is glycogen?

A complex carbohydrate Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the liver cells when they respond to insulin?

GLUT4 transporters move to the surface of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of fermentation during anaerobic metabolism?

Fermentation regenerates the NAD+ needed for glycolysis. Signup and view all the answers

How does the proton gradient affect the pH of the mitochondrial matrix and the intermembrane space?

The concentration of protons in the intermembrane space is higher than the concentration in the matrix. Signup and view all the answers

If a patient is healthy and has a normal oxygen concentration in her blood, approximately how many ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose that enters the process of metabolism?

30 Signup and view all the answers

A defect in an enzyme in the citric acid cycle causes the cycle to stop functioning. What is a possible consequence?

Decreased levels of ATP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of ATP synthase?

ATP synthase allows protons to flow down their concentration gradient into the matrix and generates ATP. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occur during aerobic respiration?

NADH and FADH2 are produced from NAD+ and FAD during the citric acid cycle. Signup and view all the answers

Glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. Is this a catabolic process or an anabolic process?

Catabolic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an accurate statement about glycolysis?

The final products of glycolysis are two molecules of pyruvate. Signup and view all the answers

Cyanide binds to complex IV of the electron transport chain, preventing electron transport. Which of the following would be the most immediate effect of cyanide consumption?

ADP will build-up. Signup and view all the answers

Glucose that is phosphorylated after entering the cell cannot move through GLUT transporters.

True Signup and view all the answers

During the reactions of the Electron Transport Chain, hydrogens are pumped by complexes _ and move from the matrix to the _.

I, III, & IV; intermembrane space Signup and view all the answers

What is the fate of pyruvate when oxygen is absent?

Pyruvate is converted to lactate and enters the Cori cycle. Signup and view all the answers

There is no energy gained (and in fact energy is required) when converting pyruvate to lactate. Why is this a necessary step?

NAD+ is required for glycolysis to occur. Signup and view all the answers

Glycolysis produces two ATP molecules through which process?

Substrate level phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

Under anaerobic conditions in humans, which molecule is formed in the cytosol by fermentation?

Lactate Signup and view all the answers

When oxygen is low, muscle and liver cells can participate in the Cori Cycle in which the muscle cells produce _ which is then converted to _ in the liver.

lactate, glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is expected to occur when oxygen is not present?

The proton gradient dissipates, resulting in a dramatic reduction in ATP production that can lead to cell death. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to glucose under anaerobic conditions?

Glucose undergoes glycolysis to produce pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Cori Cycle important for red blood cells?

Red blood cells have no mitochondria. Signup and view all the answers

The figure of the Cori Cycle demonstrates how glucose is consumed in the muscle cell and regenerated in the liver. How many ATP are produced in the muscle cell when glucose is broken down and how many ATP are consumed in the liver when glucose is regenerated?

2 ATP are generated when glucose is broken down in the muscle cell and 6 ATP are consumed when glucose is regenerated in the liver. Signup and view all the answers

Anabolic pathways result in larger molecules being made from smaller molecules and Catabolic pathways result in larger molecules being broken down into smaller molecules.

True Signup and view all the answers

In the absence of oxygen in the exercising muscle, why does the amount of lactate in the blood change?

The amount of lactate increases because lactate produced in muscles anaerobically must travel to the liver. Signup and view all the answers

Starting with one molecule of glucose, compare the amount of ATP made in aerobic vs anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration creates 30 ATP while anaerobic respiration creates 2 ATP. Signup and view all the answers

What is anaerobic metabolism?

ATP production using only substrate-level phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules undergo anaerobic metabolism?

Glucose, some amino acids, and glycerol Signup and view all the answers

Glycolysis produces two ATP molecules. Through what process are these ATP molecules made?

Substrate level phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following differentiates aerobic from anaerobic cellular metabolism?

The utilization of O2 as an electron acceptor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is incorrectly paired?

Lactic acid fermentation - mitochondrial matrix Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of fermentation?

Fermentation enables the regeneration of NAD+ so that glycolysis can still occur in anaerobic conditions. Signup and view all the answers

During periods of strenuous exercise, the muscle cells can become anaerobic. Without oxygen, the electron transport chain cannot continue and the citric acid cycle slows down. When this occurs, how do cells make ATP?

Pyruvate is transformed to lactate. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gluconeogenesis

Six ATP molecules are consumed to produce each glucose molecule during gluconeogenesis.

Hormonal Regulation of Glucose

Glucagon signals the liver to release glucose by breaking down glycogen.
High glucose levels stimulate insulin release, promoting glycogen formation and decreasing blood glucose levels.

Anaerobic Metabolism

NAD+ is regenerated during anaerobic metabolism with the production of lactate, allowing glycolysis to continue.
In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate and enters the Cori cycle.

Aerobic Metabolism

Acetyl-CoA is produced from pyruvate during aerobic metabolism after glycolysis.
Approximately 30 ATP are produced for every glucose molecule metabolized under normal oxygen levels during aerobic respiration.

Glycogen

Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate that serves as a storage form of glucose in the body.

Red Blood Cells and ATP Production

Red blood cells rely purely on glycolysis for ATP production due to the absence of mitochondria.

Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)

AGEs are formed when glucose molecules bind to lipids or proteins without enzymatic assistance, often associated with diabetes complications.

Diabetes and GLUT4 Transporters

Unmanaged Diabetes Mellitus leads to high blood glucose levels because cells do not transport enough GLUT4 transporters to their surfaces for glucose uptake.

Insulin Effects on Liver Cells

Insulin stimulates GLUT4 transporter movement to cell surfaces, reducing glycogen breakdown while promoting glucose uptake.

Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthase

ATP synthase generates ATP as protons flow down their concentration gradient into the mitochondrial matrix.
The proton gradient is crucial for ATP production, and disturbances can lead to ATP depletion.

Glycolysis Characteristics

Glycolysis is a catabolic process converting glucose to pyruvate, yielding a net production of two ATP molecules through substrate-level phosphorylation.

Consequences of Electron Transport Chain Inhibition

Cyanide inhibits complex IV, causing ADP to accumulate and significantly decreasing ATP production due to halted proton pumping.

Cori Cycle Importance

The Cori cycle allows muscle cells to convert lactate into glucose in the liver, contributing to energy metabolism during anaerobic conditions.

Anabolic vs Catabolic Pathways

Anabolic pathways build larger molecules from smaller ones, while catabolic pathways break down larger molecules into smaller units.

Lactate and Blood Levels

During anaerobic respiration, increased lactate levels in the blood occur as lactate produced in muscles is transported to the liver.

Comparative ATP Production

Aerobic respiration produces about 30 ATP per glucose molecule, while anaerobic respiration yields about 2 ATP.

Diabetes Mellitus Types

Type II diabetes arises from insulin resistance, whereas Type I diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells.

Glucose Transport by GluT Transporters

GluT transporters function as channels facilitating the transport of glucose into cells, integral for glucose metabolism and storage.### A1C Levels in Treatment Response
Normal range of A1C levels in healthy individuals for effective treatment response is 0-10%.
A lower range of 0-5% indicates a lack of treatment response.

Marathon Preparation and Carbohydrate Loading

Carbohydrate loading increases glucose levels, essential for energy during prolonged exercise like a marathon.
Glycogenesis allows cells to convert excess glucose into glycogen for rapid energy use when glucose levels drop.

Glycogen Storage Disease Dietary Considerations

A patient with glycogen storage disease should consume a low carbohydrate diet due to difficulty utilizing stored glycogen for energy.

Energy Sources During Hunger Strike

Prolonged fasting leads to the use of fatty acids, glycerol, and some amino acids for gluconeogenesis to maintain glucose supply for vital functions, such as brain activity.

Physiological Benefits of Carbohydrate-rich Meals

Consuming meals rich in complex carbohydrates prior to physical exertion enhances glycogen storage in the liver and muscles.

Malnutrition and Muscle Mass Loss

Advanced cancer patients with prolonged inadequate intake are likely to experience losses in both adipose tissue and muscle mass.

Pediatric Glycogen Storage Disease Characteristics

In children with glycogen storage diseases, incomplete glucose metabolism results in increased intermediate compounds, promoting glycogen production.

Primary Energy Source in Cells

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main energy source used by cells for various metabolic processes.

Coenzymes in Cellular Metabolism

Important coenzymes include CoA, FADH2, and Q10, which facilitate enzymatic reactions.

Metformin's Mechanism of Action

Metformin lowers blood glucose by decreasing gluconeogenesis in the liver and increasing Glut4 translocation in muscle and fat cells.

Processes Occurring in Mitochondria

Key metabolic processes within mitochondria include the Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, and Beta Oxidation.

Entry Points to the Citric Acid Cycle

Carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids all enter the Citric Acid Cycle as Acetyl-CoA.

ATP Production in Oxidative Phosphorylation

ATP synthase is the enzyme responsible for producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during oxidative phosphorylation.

Insulin Response to Blood Glucose

Insulin is secreted when blood glucose levels are high, stimulating glycogenesis to help lower glucose levels.

Cori Cycle Functionality

The Cori Cycle facilitates the conversion of lactate produced in muscles into glucose in the liver, operating under anaerobic conditions.

Electron Transport Chain Dynamics

In the electron transport chain, electron movements allow protons to be pumped into the intermembrane space, establishing a gradient essential for ATP synthesis.

Role of Glycolysis

Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that breaks down glucose to generate ATP without requiring oxygen.

Aerobic Respiration ATP Yield

Aerobic respiration typically generates approximately 30 ATP for each glucose molecule utilized.

Sequence of ATP Production Steps

The breakdown of glucose in muscle cells occurs in three stages: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain with oxidative phosphorylation.

Gluconeogenesis Overview

Gluconeogenesis is the process that produces glucose to supply energy when glycogen stores are depleted, particularly critical in prolonged fasting situations.

Fermentation Process

Fermentation describes energy production from carbohydrates under anaerobic conditions, without the need for oxygen.

Lactic Acid Cycle and Gluconeogenesis

In the lactic acid cycle, lactate produced is converted back to glucose through gluconeogenesis in the liver.

The Cori Cycle's ATP Dynamics

Glycolysis, a catabolic process, produces 2 ATP from glucose, while gluconeogenesis, an anabolic process, creates glucose requiring 6 ATP.

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Description

Test your knowledge on carbohydrates and ATP with these flashcards focused on gluconeogenesis and glucose regulation. Understand key molecules like glucagon and the ATP consumption involved in glucose production. Ideal for students in Biochemistry C785.