Bioanalysis: Carbohydrate Polymers and Lipids

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What percentage of total dry mass in cells are proteins?

50% (correct)

90%

20%

70%

Approximately how many different proteins are estimated to be in the human body?

100,000 (correct)

50,000

10,000

200,000

What is the main function of insoluble carbohydrate polymers in cells?

Cell signaling

Energy storage

Cell division

Structural and protective elements (correct)

What is the estimated amount of CO2 and H2O converted into cellulose and other plant products through photosynthesis each year?

100 billion metric tons Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of certain carbohydrate polymers in animals?

Lubrication of skeletal joints Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrate polymers attached to proteins or lipids?

To determine the intracellular location or metabolic fate of glycoconjugates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid?

Polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What is a common challenge when extracting RNA from biological samples?

RNA is less stable and more difficult to extract intact Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for complex molecules composed of carbohydrates attached to proteins or lipids?

Glycoconjugates Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the lipophilic fraction of a biological sample?

Fats, including triglycerides and fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What are the elements essential to animal life and health?

Bulk elements and Trace elements Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following biomolecules is NOT a class of macromolecules?

Lipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of trace elements in biological systems?

Essential for the function of specific proteins, including enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following biomolecules is an example of a bioconjugate?

Glycoprotein Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the combination of biomolecules with other molecules?

Bioconjugate Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular weight of the compounds that are polymerized to form macromolecules?

500 Da or less Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of bond that links amino acids in a polypeptide?

Peptide bond Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the assembly of macromolecules into functional units?

Supramolecular complex Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for polymers of amino acids?

Polypeptides Signup and view all the answers

What type of biological samples can contain small molecules?

Gaseous, liquid, or solid samples Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for polymers of high molecular weight assembled from monomers?

Macromolecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in a metabolomics workflow?

Rapid stopping of metabolism and extraction of the metabolites Signup and view all the answers

What type of samples may include solid samples after dissolution?

Liquid samples Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of small molecules or metabolites within a given biological sample?

Metabolomics Signup and view all the answers

What type of biological samples are highly metabolically active?

Cells and tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of proteins?

They have a high molecular mass expressed in kDa Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a bioconjugate?

Glycoprotein Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of lipids?

They are defined as organic molecules soluble in chloroform Signup and view all the answers

What is the building block of polysaccharides?

Monosaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What is the common feature of amphiphilic lipids?

They have a dual nature with hydrophilic and lipophilic parts Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the hemoglobin molecule is composed of iron ions?

0.3% Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of biomolecules derived from hydrocarbons?

They are composed of carbon with a variety of functional groups Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the biomolecule that carries acetyl groups in some enzymatic reactions?

Acetyl-CoA Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a class of biomolecules that includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids?

Major biomolecules Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of functional groups in biomolecules?

They have different chemical characteristics and reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is a biomolecule that contains two or more different kinds of functional groups?

Polyfunctional biomolecule Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for biomolecules that are composed of carbon with a variety of functional groups?

Organic compounds Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a functional group?

Hydroxyl group Signup and view all the answers

What determines the physical-chemical properties of a biomolecule?

The chemistry of its functional groups and their disposition in three-dimensional space Signup and view all the answers

How many iron ions are present in the hemoglobin molecule?

Four Signup and view all the answers