BIO201.13 Biochemistry Lecture 6 Quiz 1 Carbohydrates
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Questions and Answers

What elements do carbohydrates mainly consist of?

  • Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen
  • Oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur
  • Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
  • Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (correct)

    • What is the common characteristic of carbohydrates in terms of their formula?

  • (CHO)n
  • (C2H4O2)n
  • (COH)n
  • (CH2O)n (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a source of carbohydrates?

  • Popcorn
  • Potatoes
  • Steak (correct)
  • Spaghetti

    • What class of biomolecules do carbohydrates constitute as the most abundant?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are carbohydrates defined as per their chemical structure?

    <p>Aldehydes or ketones with at least two hydroxyl groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following forms are the most common and abundant types of carbohydrates?

    <p>Sugars, fibers, and starches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes aldoses from ketoses?

    <p>Aldoses have the carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain, while ketoses have it at any other position.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common characteristic of monosaccharides glucose and fructose?

    <p>They both have five hydroxyl groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of D-Ribose in nucleic acids?

    <p>Component of RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe two sugars that differ only in the configuration of one carbon atom?

    <p>Epimers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hemiacetals and hemiketals derived from?

    <p>Aldehydes and ketones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of 'hemi' in hemiacetals and hemiketals?

    <p>Half</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product when an aldehyde reacts with an alcohol in a 1:1 ratio?

    <p>Hemiacetal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when a ketone reacts with an alcohol in a 1:1 ratio?

    <p>Hemiketal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is produced when a second alcohol molecule substitutes the hemiacetal or hemiketal?

    <p>Acetal or ketal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for isomeric forms of monosaccharides that differ in configuration around hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon atoms?

    <p>Anomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbon atom in a hemiacetal (or carbonyl) is referred to as the anomeric carbon?

    <p>Carbonyl carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What produces two stereoisomers, the alpha and beta anomers, when reacting in the formation of cyclic forms of D-glucose?

    <p>Reaction between the aldehyde group at C-1 and the hydroxyl group at C-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of polysaccharides?

    <p>Consist of more than 10 monosaccharide units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate is an example of a multibranched polysaccharide of D-glucose?

    <p>Glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are amylose and amylopectin different?

    <p>Amylose has α(1→4) glycosidic bonds, while amylopectin has α(1→6) glycosidic bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do we denote a sugar as a D-isomer?

    <p>If the hydroxyl group at the last chiral carbon lies towards the right side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of monosaccharides?

    <p>Can either be aldehydes or ketones with two or more hydroxyl groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glycosidic bonds are present in a straight chain polymer of D-glucose?

    <p>α(1→4) and β(1→4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four primary functions of carbohydrates in the body?

    <p>Provide energy, store energy, build macromolecules, spare protein and fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'saccharide' mean and where is it derived from?

    <p>It means 'sugar' and is derived from Greek</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carbohydrate consists of short chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds?

    <p>Oligosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disaccharide is formed by the combination of D-glucose and D-fructose?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most abundant type of oligosaccharide?

    <p>Maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In nature, what type of sugars are most common compared to L-amino acids?

    <p>D-sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
    • They are the most abundant biomolecules on earth
    • Sources: wide array of food, including bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, soft-drinks, corn, and cherry pie

    Classification of Carbohydrates

    • Polysaccharides: consist of more than 10 monosaccharide units, examples include cellulose, starch, and glycogen
    • Oligosaccharides: short chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds, examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose
    • Monosaccharides: single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone units, examples include D-glucose and fructose

    D and L Isomers

    • Fischer projection formulas are used to represent three-dimensional sugar structures on paper
    • D-isomers have the hydroxyl group at the last chiral carbon towards the right side
    • L-isomers have the hydroxyl group at the last chiral carbon towards the left side

    Monosaccharides

    • Examples of aldoses: glyceraldehyde, glucose, and galactose
    • Examples of ketoses: dihydroxyacetone, fructose, and sorbose
    • Can be classified as trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, etc. based on the number of carbon atoms

    Functions of Carbohydrates

    • Provide energy
    • Store energy
    • Build macromolecules
    • Spare protein and fat for other uses
    • Structural components
    • Signal transduction and cell adhesion
    • Flavor and sweeteners
    • Eliminate waste materials and toxins from the body (dietary fiber)

    Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides during digestion
    • Absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells for energy production or storage

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on carbohydrates in this quiz covering Lecture 2-4 of the Introduction to Biochemistry & Biotechnology course. Topics include sugars, starches, celluloses, and their composition of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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