Questions and Answers
What does pathology refer to?
The study of structural and functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease.
Which of the following is an example of the symbiotic relationship known as mutualism?
Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria given by Koch's postulates?
Which of the following is classified as a latent disease?
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A patient acquires an infection by touching a contaminated door handle. Which mode of transmission best describes this scenario?
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A dog develops a diarrheal disease after drinking water from a creek. Which of the following best describes this method of disease transmission?
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Plague is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea. Which of the following best describes this mode of transmission?
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Which of the following is a fungal zoonosis that can be transmitted by direct contact?
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Give an example of disease transmission via indirect contact.
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According to the animation, surgical infections account for what percentage of nosocomial infections?
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What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from intravenous catheterizations?
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How might a patient who is not being treated with an antibiotic still be exposed to an antibiotic?
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Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections?
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How can health care workers reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infections?
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What should be the primary concern of the healthcare worker?
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How can surgeons help to limit nosocomial infections?
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If a patient notices a healthcare worker not following suggested precautions, what should the patient do?
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Which characteristics of a catheter should be considered to help minimize the spread of nosocomial infections?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding hand washing?
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Epidemiology is defined as the study of what?
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What is the role of epidemiology?
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Expected prevalence of a disease is defined as what?
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Why is the disease epidemic in North America?
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How many regions of the world experience the pandemic during April of year four?
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When does the first epidemic occur?
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If a disease occurs at a fairly stable rate, it is said to be?
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Which of the following would be considered a fomite?
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Which of the following would be considered a vector?
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Study Notes
Pathology, Infection, and Disease
- Pathology studies structural and functional changes in the body due to disease.
Symbiotic Relationships
- Mutualism example: E. coli residing in the large intestine benefits both the bacterium and the human host.
Koch's Postulates
- Established criteria to prove a specific organism causes a specific disease.
- Not part of Koch's postulates: the pathogen must differ from the original organism after isolation from inoculated animals.
Disease Classification
- Latent disease example: shingles.
Transmission Methods
- Indirect contact transmission occurs when a person touches a contaminated surface (e.g., door handle).
- Vehicle transmission involves disease spread through contaminated water (e.g., dog drinking from a creek).
- Vector transmission: example includes plague spread via infected flea bites.
Zoonotic Infections
- Fungal zoonosis with direct contact transmission: ringworm.
Indirect Disease Transmission
- Example: student sneezes, infects instructor through the test booklet.
Nosocomial Infections
- Surgical infections constitute 20% of all nosocomial infections.
- Bacteremia is a common nosocomial infection from intravenous catheterizations.
- Antibiotic exposure occurs even without treatment, as antibiotics can be aerosolized in the environment.
Risk Reduction in Healthcare
- Invasive procedures risk introducing microbes into the bloodstream.
- Health care workers can minimize nosocomial infections by employing strict aseptic techniques.
Patient Health Priority
- The health of the patient should always be the primary concern of health care workers.
Surgical Procedures
- Surgeons should limit invasive procedures to necessary situations to reduce infection risks.
Reporting Precautions
- Patients should promptly report any observed neglect of hygiene practices by health care workers.
Catheter Use
- To minimize nosocomial infections, catheter characteristics should include single-use.
Hand Hygiene
- Frequent, proper handwashing is essential for both healthcare workers and patients before and after interactions.
Epidemiology
- Defined as the study of disease occurrence and transmission patterns.
- Role: to understand and prevent various diseases through observation and research.
Disease Prevalence
- Expected prevalence is the anticipated occurrence based on historical data.
- Endemic diseases occur at a stable rate within a specific area.
Disease Epidemics and Pandemics
- An epidemic occurs when a disease's incidence exceeds expected levels in a region.
- In a scenario, five regions experience a pandemic, with the first epidemic starting in January of the third year.
Disease Vectors and Fomites
- A fomite is any object capable of transferring infection, e.g., an infected toy.
- A vector is an organism, such as a fly, that carries pathogens from one host to another.
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards from Chapter 14 of Bio115 Microbiology. This quiz covers key concepts such as pathology, symbiotic relationships, and Koch's postulates. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of microbiological principles.