Bio 32 - Human Anatomy and Physiology I

Bio 32 - Human Anatomy and Physiology I

• Course taught by Professor Rebecka Zepeda
• Focuses on human anatomy and physiology
• Covers foundational concepts, including structural organization, organ systems, functions, survival needs, homeostasis, feedback mechanisms, anatomical terminology, body cavities and regional terms.

Orientation to the Human Body

• Lecture notes for Bio 32, potentially incorporating information from Marieb & Hoehn, 2020 (7th Ed)

Lecture Objectives

• Defining anatomy and physiology and their relationship
• Identifying levels of structural organization in the human body and their connections
• Listing the 11 organ systems and their primary functions
• Outlining human survival needs
• Defining and explaining homeostasis
• Differentiating between negative and positive feedback mechanisms and their roles in homeostasis
• Describing the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease
• Applying anatomical position and terminology for directions, surfaces, and planes/sections
• Locating major body cavities and their associated membranes, regions, and quadrants

Key Terms

• Anatomy: Study of the structure (shape) of the body and its parts.
• Physiology: Study of the function of body structures.
• What are the parts of the body? (Anatomy)
• How do the parts work? (Physiology)
• Structure determines function (anatomy links to physiology)

Anatomy + Physiology

• Anatomy and physiology are closely related, where structure directly influences function.
• Healthy function is defined as physiology.
• Pathology studies structural changes leading to disease.
• Pathophysiology examines the functional changes and symptoms of diseased organs.
• Students should understand this relationship, considering how structural changes impact a part or system's function

Anatomy + Physiology (Red Blood Cells)

• Structure and function examples, including how altering structure changes function.
• Students will analyze how changes in RBC structure impact their job, highlighting the link between the two.

Branches of Anatomy

• Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy: Study of large structures visible to the naked eye.
• Subdivisions: regional anatomy, systemic anatomy, surface anatomy
• Methods: dissection, endoscopy, radiological imaging (x-rays, MRIs).
• Microscopic Anatomy: Study of small structures, visible only with a microscope.
• Subdivisions: cytology (cells), histology (tissues).
• Developmental Anatomy: Study of structural changes occurring throughout the lifespan.
• Subdivision: embryology

Branches of Physiology

• Various specialized fields in physiology, examples of different branches.
• Addresses detailed functions of specific systems, like renal physiology (kidneys), neurophysiology (nervous system), cardiovascular physiology (circulatory system

Levels of Structural Organization

• Levels of organization, from chemicals to organism, showing how they connect.
• Illustrates a hierarchical increasing complexity, with molecules forming cells, cells forming tissues, and tissues forming organs and systems, culminating in an organism.
• Emphasizes the integration and interdependent design of these levels.

Organ Systems

• The table shows the 11 primary organ systems.
• The student should know the systems (I/L N E R R D M U S C V)

Immune/Lymphatic System

• Functions of the immune/lymphatic system are outlined.
• The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in fluid balance, waste removal, and immune response, defending against pathogens.

Nervous System

• The nervous system's role is defined as the body's control system
• It responds to internal and external changes (stimuli) through activation of muscles and glands.

Endocrine System

• Glands that release hormones (chemical messengers), regulating body processes
• Examples, like thyroid regulating metabolic rate, adrenal glands handling stress response and blood pressure, pancreas managing blood sugar, and reproductive organs influencing reproduction.

Reproductive System

• The overall purpose of the reproductive system involves producing offspring.
• Male and female systems detailed, along with their functions (sperm production, egg production, fertilization, fetal development, and newborn nourishment).

Respiratory System

• The respiratory system does the following:
• Delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide via gaseous exchange in the lungs.

Digestive System

• Breaks down food into absorbable units
• Delivers absorbed nutrients to tissues/organs via the blood
• Eliminates undigested materials as feces

Muscular System

• The function of the muscular system is to facilitate movement (locomotion), produce heat through contraction, perform facial expressions, and maintain posture.

Urinary System

• Removes waste products from the body, including nitrogenous wastes.
• Plays a role in regulating certain aspects of blood composition, such as water volume, electrolytes, and maintaining acid-base balance.

Skeletal System

• Provides structural support and protection to organs
• Forms a framework for muscle movement, bone stores minerals, and red marrow produces blood cells

Integumentary System

• Provides a protective external covering for the body, including skin, hair, and nails.
• The integumentary system prevents injury, produces vitamin D, houses sensory receptors, regulates temperature, and secretes substances like sweat and oil.

Cardiovascular System

• The heart pumps blood throughout the body.
• Blood vessels transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances from the heart to tissues/organs/cells.
• Blood vessels also remove waste such as CO2.

Maintaining Life (Functions)

• Eight vital functions detailed, including boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth

Maintaining Life (Survival Needs)

• The necessary resources, including nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals), oxygen, water (60-80% of body weight), normal body temperature related to protein function, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.

Homeostasis

• Maintaining stable internal conditions regardless of environmental changes.
• The importance of communication between organ systems (nervous and endocrine)
• Key components of the homeostatic control system (receptor, control center, effector).

Feedback Mechanisms

• Negative Feedback: Shuts off stimulus to stabilize levels; examples include body temperature and blood pressure regulation, respiration, blood glucose levels, heart rate, etc – the goal is to maintain set point or return to it.
• Positive Feedback: Amplifies original stimulus for a specific output; instances in blood clotting, childbirth, and sexual responses. Negative effects are highlighted in the later stages of a medical response.

Body Cavities & Membranes

• Dorsal cavity: Cranial and spinal cavities protecting the brain and spinal cord
• Ventral cavity: Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities containing vital organs, separated by the diaphragm.
• Serous membranes (parietal and visceral) lining body cavities and covering organs, producing serous fluid for friction reduction.
• Specific membranes for each cavity, like pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum.
• Listing additional body cavities like oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear and synovial cavities.

Regional Terms

• Dividing body for anatomical reference; axial/appendicular terms.
• Describing specific body regions (thorax, abdomen, pelvis), essential for anatomical localization.
• Abdominal quadrants and nine-region systems, using appropriate terminology for accurate regional description.

Language of Anatomy (Terms)

• Special terminology used to avoid misunderstanding
• Terms related to anatomical position, directionality, regions, and structures.
• Provides an anatomical perspective that uses specific directional terms
• Allows a shared understanding of body locations and structures and thus avoids confusion