Bio 32 - Human Anatomy and Physiology I

Course taught by Professor Rebecka Zepeda
Focuses on human anatomy and physiology
Covers foundational concepts, including structural organization, organ systems, functions, survival needs, homeostasis, feedback mechanisms, anatomical terminology, body cavities and regional terms.

Orientation to the Human Body

Lecture notes for Bio 32, potentially incorporating information from Marieb & Hoehn, 2020 (7th Ed)

Lecture Objectives

Defining anatomy and physiology and their relationship
Identifying levels of structural organization in the human body and their connections
Listing the 11 organ systems and their primary functions
Outlining human survival needs
Defining and explaining homeostasis
Differentiating between negative and positive feedback mechanisms and their roles in homeostasis
Describing the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease
Applying anatomical position and terminology for directions, surfaces, and planes/sections
Locating major body cavities and their associated membranes, regions, and quadrants

Key Terms

Anatomy: Study of the structure (shape) of the body and its parts.
Physiology: Study of the function of body structures.
What are the parts of the body? (Anatomy)
How do the parts work? (Physiology)
Structure determines function (anatomy links to physiology)

Anatomy + Physiology

Anatomy and physiology are closely related, where structure directly influences function.
Healthy function is defined as physiology.
Pathology studies structural changes leading to disease.
Pathophysiology examines the functional changes and symptoms of diseased organs.
Students should understand this relationship, considering how structural changes impact a part or system's function

Anatomy + Physiology (Red Blood Cells)

Structure and function examples, including how altering structure changes function.
Students will analyze how changes in RBC structure impact their job, highlighting the link between the two.

Branches of Anatomy

Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy: Study of large structures visible to the naked eye.
Subdivisions: regional anatomy, systemic anatomy, surface anatomy
Methods: dissection, endoscopy, radiological imaging (x-rays, MRIs).
Microscopic Anatomy: Study of small structures, visible only with a microscope.
Subdivisions: cytology (cells), histology (tissues).
Developmental Anatomy: Study of structural changes occurring throughout the lifespan.
Subdivision: embryology

Branches of Physiology

Various specialized fields in physiology, examples of different branches.
Addresses detailed functions of specific systems, like renal physiology (kidneys), neurophysiology (nervous system), cardiovascular physiology (circulatory system

Levels of Structural Organization

Levels of organization, from chemicals to organism, showing how they connect.
Illustrates a hierarchical increasing complexity, with molecules forming cells, cells forming tissues, and tissues forming organs and systems, culminating in an organism.
Emphasizes the integration and interdependent design of these levels.

Organ Systems

The table shows the 11 primary organ systems.
The student should know the systems (I/L N E R R D M U S C V)

Immune/Lymphatic System

Functions of the immune/lymphatic system are outlined.
The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in fluid balance, waste removal, and immune response, defending against pathogens.

Nervous System

The nervous system's role is defined as the body's control system
It responds to internal and external changes (stimuli) through activation of muscles and glands.

Endocrine System

Glands that release hormones (chemical messengers), regulating body processes
Examples, like thyroid regulating metabolic rate, adrenal glands handling stress response and blood pressure, pancreas managing blood sugar, and reproductive organs influencing reproduction.

Reproductive System

The overall purpose of the reproductive system involves producing offspring.
Male and female systems detailed, along with their functions (sperm production, egg production, fertilization, fetal development, and newborn nourishment).

Respiratory System

The respiratory system does the following:
Delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide via gaseous exchange in the lungs.

Digestive System

Breaks down food into absorbable units
Delivers absorbed nutrients to tissues/organs via the blood
Eliminates undigested materials as feces

Muscular System

The function of the muscular system is to facilitate movement (locomotion), produce heat through contraction, perform facial expressions, and maintain posture.

Urinary System

Removes waste products from the body, including nitrogenous wastes.
Plays a role in regulating certain aspects of blood composition, such as water volume, electrolytes, and maintaining acid-base balance.

Skeletal System

Provides structural support and protection to organs
Forms a framework for muscle movement, bone stores minerals, and red marrow produces blood cells

Integumentary System

Provides a protective external covering for the body, including skin, hair, and nails.
The integumentary system prevents injury, produces vitamin D, houses sensory receptors, regulates temperature, and secretes substances like sweat and oil.

Cardiovascular System

The heart pumps blood throughout the body.
Blood vessels transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances from the heart to tissues/organs/cells.
Blood vessels also remove waste such as CO2.

Maintaining Life (Functions)

Eight vital functions detailed, including boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth

Maintaining Life (Survival Needs)

The necessary resources, including nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals), oxygen, water (60-80% of body weight), normal body temperature related to protein function, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.

Homeostasis

Maintaining stable internal conditions regardless of environmental changes.
The importance of communication between organ systems (nervous and endocrine)
Key components of the homeostatic control system (receptor, control center, effector).

Feedback Mechanisms

Negative Feedback: Shuts off stimulus to stabilize levels; examples include body temperature and blood pressure regulation, respiration, blood glucose levels, heart rate, etc – the goal is to maintain set point or return to it.
Positive Feedback: Amplifies original stimulus for a specific output; instances in blood clotting, childbirth, and sexual responses. Negative effects are highlighted in the later stages of a medical response.

Body Cavities & Membranes

Dorsal cavity: Cranial and spinal cavities protecting the brain and spinal cord
Ventral cavity: Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities containing vital organs, separated by the diaphragm.
Serous membranes (parietal and visceral) lining body cavities and covering organs, producing serous fluid for friction reduction.
Specific membranes for each cavity, like pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum.
Listing additional body cavities like oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear and synovial cavities.

Regional Terms

Dividing body for anatomical reference; axial/appendicular terms.
Describing specific body regions (thorax, abdomen, pelvis), essential for anatomical localization.
Abdominal quadrants and nine-region systems, using appropriate terminology for accurate regional description.

Language of Anatomy (Terms)

Special terminology used to avoid misunderstanding
Terms related to anatomical position, directionality, regions, and structures.
Provides an anatomical perspective that uses specific directional terms
Allows a shared understanding of body locations and structures and thus avoids confusion