Bio 3.2 (Chapter 2) Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

How many valence electrons does each carbon atom have?

four

What gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length?

A carbon atom can bond to other carbon atoms

Many of the molecules in living cells are so large they are called________

macromolecules

____________ is the process that forms large organic molecules

Polymerization Signup and view all the answers

When two or more ____________ join together, a polymer forms

monomers Signup and view all the answers

What are carbs composed of?

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What are lipids composed of?

mostly carbon and hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

What are nucleic acids composed of?

hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus Signup and view all the answers

What are proteins composed of?

nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What are carbohydrates' function?

main source of energy; structural purposes Signup and view all the answers

What are lipids function?

stores energy; forms parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings Signup and view all the answers

What are nucleic acids function?

stores and transmits genetic information Signup and view all the answers

What are proteins function?

controls rate of reactions, regulates cell processes, forms cellular structures, carries substances into or out of cell, fights disease Signup and view all the answers

How did organic compounds get their name? How is the word related to its meaning?

Organic means 'living.' Signup and view all the answers

Which type of molecule includes an example with a long-chain carbon backbone?

lipids Signup and view all the answers

In the molecule referred to in the previous question, what is the dominant element attached to the carbon backbone?

hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is a hydrocarbon?

A hydrocarbon has a central chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached. Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule has a central carbon atom with four different components around it?

amino acid Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule has a sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group?

nucleic acid Signup and view all the answers

Discuss some similarities among all four types of molecules.

All contain C, H, O Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula of the first carbohydrate molecule shown?

C6H12O6 Signup and view all the answers

What three structural groups do all amino acids have in common?

Amine group, carboxylic acid, and R side chain Signup and view all the answers

What are the R side chains in two amino acids shown in Model 1?

CH3, and CH2-SH Signup and view all the answers

Explain why the terms dehydration synthesis and condensation are used for certain reactions.

All reactions cause water to be removed. Signup and view all the answers

What substance would need to be added to reverse dehydration synthesis?

Water Signup and view all the answers

Lysis means to split or separate. What prefix would you add to lysis to mean separate or split using water?

Hydro- Signup and view all the answers

What word describes the reaction that uses water to break apart a large molecule?

Hydrolysis Signup and view all the answers

Why is water so important for metabolic reactions?

Without water, essential chemical reactions would not take place. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Carbon and Bonds

Carbon atoms possess four valence electrons, allowing them to form stable bonds.
Carbon's ability to bond with itself enables the formation of extensive chains, facilitating a variety of organic structures.

Organic Molecules

Large molecules in living cells are classified as macromolecules.
Polymerization is the process through which large organic molecules are formed from smaller units known as monomers.

Composition of Biological Macromolecules

Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Lipids are primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen, contributing to their structure and function.
Nucleic acids are made of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.
Proteins are constructed from nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen.

Functions of Biological Macromolecules

Carbohydrates serve as the main energy source and have structural roles in cells.
Lipids are responsible for energy storage and forming biological membranes and protective coverings.
Nucleic acids are crucial for storing and transmitting genetic information.
Proteins perform various functions, including regulating reactions, structural support, substance transport, and immune response.

Organic Compounds

The term "organic" relates to "living," indicating that these compounds are produced by living organisms using energy and nonliving raw materials.

Molecular Structures

Lipids often feature a long-chain carbon backbone.
Amino acids contain a central carbon atom bonded to four different groups, including an amine and a carboxylic acid.
Nucleic acids comprise a sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.

Commonalities Among Macromolecules

All four major types of biological molecules contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O).

Chemical Structure and Reactions

The formula for the simplest carbohydrate is C6H12O6.
Amino acids share three structural components: amine group, carboxylic acid, and an R side chain, which varies among them.

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

Dehydration synthesis (condensation reactions) involves the removal of water to bond monomers, creating larger molecules.
Reverse reactions (breaking down large molecules) require the addition of water, termed hydrolysis.
Hydrolysis refers to reactions where water is used to split large molecules into smaller components.

Metabolism and the Role of Water

Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions in living organisms, highlighting the critical role of water.
Water is essential for hydrolytic reactions, necessary for breaking down macromolecules during metabolic processes.

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Description

Test your knowledge on carbon's properties and its role in macromolecules with these flashcards from Biology Chapter 2. Explore questions on valence electrons and carbon bonding capabilities, fundamental to understanding organic chemistry. Perfect for students seeking to reinforce their learning in biological sciences.