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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a main component of respiration?
Which of the following is NOT a main component of respiration?
- Tissue gas exchange
- Systemic circulation (correct)
- Pulmonary ventilation
- External respiration
According to Dalton's Law, in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is equivalent to the product of the pressures exerted by each individual gas.
According to Dalton's Law, in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is equivalent to the product of the pressures exerted by each individual gas.
False (B)
According to Henry's Law, what happens to the amount of gas that will dissolve into the liquid if the partial pressure of the gas increases?
According to Henry's Law, what happens to the amount of gas that will dissolve into the liquid if the partial pressure of the gas increases?
The amount of gas that will dissolve into the liquid increases.
According to Dalton's Law, what determines the partial pressure of a gas within a mixture?
According to Dalton's Law, what determines the partial pressure of a gas within a mixture?
Henry's Law dictates that a gas will always move into a liquid, irrespective of the pressure gradient.
Henry's Law dictates that a gas will always move into a liquid, irrespective of the pressure gradient.
Explain how the process of humidification in conductive passages affects the composition of air as it reaches the alveoli.
Explain how the process of humidification in conductive passages affects the composition of air as it reaches the alveoli.
According to the information presented, the partial pressure of oxygen ($O_2$) in the alveoli is approximately ______ mmHg.
According to the information presented, the partial pressure of oxygen ($O_2$) in the alveoli is approximately ______ mmHg.
Match each of the following components with its role in respiration:
Match each of the following components with its role in respiration:
What is the primary reason for the difference in gas composition between atmospheric air and alveolar air?
What is the primary reason for the difference in gas composition between atmospheric air and alveolar air?
The total pressure of a gas mixture is equivalent to the highest partial pressure of any single gas within that mixture.
The total pressure of a gas mixture is equivalent to the highest partial pressure of any single gas within that mixture.
In the context of gas solubility, what does it mean for carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) to be 'most soluble'?
In the context of gas solubility, what does it mean for carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) to be 'most soluble'?
According to Henry's Law, if the partial pressure of a gas in the gas phase increases, the amount of that gas that will dissolve into a liquid will ______.
According to Henry's Law, if the partial pressure of a gas in the gas phase increases, the amount of that gas that will dissolve into a liquid will ______.
Match the following processes with the primary location where they occur:
Match the following processes with the primary location where they occur:
What would be the immediate consequence if the pulmonary capillaries surrounding the alveoli became significantly thickened, thus increasing the diffusion distance for gases?
What would be the immediate consequence if the pulmonary capillaries surrounding the alveoli became significantly thickened, thus increasing the diffusion distance for gases?
In a healthy individual at sea level, the partial pressure of oxygen ($O_2$) in the systemic arteries is equal to that in the alveoli.
In a healthy individual at sea level, the partial pressure of oxygen ($O_2$) in the systemic arteries is equal to that in the alveoli.
Explain the significance of the pressure gradient in the context of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange during respiration.
Explain the significance of the pressure gradient in the context of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange during respiration.
Given the partial pressure of oxygen ($P_{O_2}$) in deoxygenated blood is 40 mmHg and in the alveoli is 105 mmHg, according to Fick's Law, the rate of oxygen diffusion is ______ proportional to the difference in partial pressure.
Given the partial pressure of oxygen ($P_{O_2}$) in deoxygenated blood is 40 mmHg and in the alveoli is 105 mmHg, according to Fick's Law, the rate of oxygen diffusion is ______ proportional to the difference in partial pressure.
Match the gas with its approximate percentage in atmospheric air:
Match the gas with its approximate percentage in atmospheric air:
Which of the following factors does NOT directly influence the rate of gas diffusion across the respiratory membrane?
Which of the following factors does NOT directly influence the rate of gas diffusion across the respiratory membrane?
In the pulmonary circuit, oxygenated blood flows from the lungs to the right atrium of the heart.
In the pulmonary circuit, oxygenated blood flows from the lungs to the right atrium of the heart.
Describe the relationship between alveolar ventilation and partial pressure of carbon dioxide ($P_{CO_2}$) in the alveoli.
Describe the relationship between alveolar ventilation and partial pressure of carbon dioxide ($P_{CO_2}$) in the alveoli.
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is known as ______ respiration.
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is known as ______ respiration.
Match the following blood gas values with their locations in the body:
Match the following blood gas values with their locations in the body:
Flashcards
Ventilation / Breathing
Ventilation / Breathing
The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli in the lungs, facilitating oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal.
Pulmonary Gas Exchange
Pulmonary Gas Exchange
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli in the lungs and the blood in the lung capillaries.
Transport of Respiratory Gases
Transport of Respiratory Gases
The cardiovascular system carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and CO2 from tissues back to lungs, using blood as the transporting fluid.
Tissue Gas Exchange
Tissue Gas Exchange
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Dalton's Law
Dalton's Law
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Henry's Law
Henry's Law
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Gas Solubility
Gas Solubility
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Alveolar Air Composition
Alveolar Air Composition
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Gas Diffusion in Alveoli
Gas Diffusion in Alveoli
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Gas Movement
Gas Movement
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Deoxy blood
Deoxy blood
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Oxy blood
Oxy blood
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Study Notes
- Lecture focuses on respiration and gas exchange.
- BIO 269 is the course code.
Lecture Goals for Respiration
- An understanding of the main components of respiration and different types of gas exchange is crucial.
- Knowledge of the partial pressure of a gas (Dalton's law) and the abundance of gases in air is needed.
- To know the order of gas solubility between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries is important.
- The composition of gases in the alveoli in relation to the atmosphere needs to be understood.
- Knowledge of gas pressure gradients in the pulmonary and systemic circuits and direction of gas flow should be known.
Respiratory System Overview
- Main role is to supply the body with oxygen, and dispose of carbon dioxide.
Respiration Steps
- Ventilation is the exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli.
- Pulmonary gas exchange is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and lung capillaries.
- Transport is the transport of gases by blood.
- Tissue gas exchange is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues.
Dalton's Law
- The total pressure exerted by a gas mixture is the sum of pressures independently exerted by each gas.
- PTotal = Pgas1 + Pgas2 + Pgas3 + ...
- Each gas has a partial pressure (Pgas), the pressure exerted by a single gas within a gas mixture.
- Pgas is proportional to the gas percentage in the total mixture.
- PO2 or PCO2 refers to the pressure exerted specifically by O2 or CO2 within a mixture.
Atmospheric Gas Composition (Sea Level)
- Gas percentages are listed from highest to lowest abundance.
- Nitrogen (N2) accounts for 78.6% of atmospheric gas with a partial pressure of 597 mm Hg.
- Oxygen (O2) makes up 20.9% with a partial pressure of 159 mm Hg.
- Water (H2O) comprises 0.46% with a partial pressure of 3.7 mm Hg.
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2) accounts for 0.04% with a partial pressure of 0.3 mm Hg.
- The total percentage is 100.0% with a combined pressure of 760 mm Hg.
Henry's Law
- When a gas contacts a liquid, the amount of gas dissolving into the liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure.
- A higher partial pressure of gas in the gas phase leads to more gas dissolving into the liquid.
- Equilibrium is reached in the lungs.
- When gas pressure becomes greater in the liquid, some dissolved gas molecules re-enter the gas phase.
- Gas proceeds from high to low.
Gas Solubility
- The amount of gas dissolving into liquid depends on the solubility of the gas in the liquid and partial pressure.
- Gases in the air include:
- CO2 is the most soluble.
- O2 is 1/20th as soluble as CO2.
- N2 is 1/2 as soluble as O2.
- At a given partial pressure, more CO2 dissolves in water than O2 and practically no N2 dissolves.
Gas Composition
- Air in alveoli has less O2 and more CO2 and H2O.
- In the atmosphere, N2 is 78.6% and has a partial pressure of 597 mm Hg.
- In the alveoli, N2 is 74.9% and has a partial pressure of 569 mm Hg.
- In the atmosphere, O2 is 20.9% and has a partial pressure of 159 mm Hg.
- In the alveoli, O2 is 13.7% and has a partial pressure of 104 mm Hg.
- In the atmosphere, CO2 is 0.04% and has a partial pressure of 0.3 mm Hg.
- In the alveoli, CO2 is 5.2% and has a partial pressure of 40 mm Hg.
- In the atmosphere, H2O is 0.46% and has a partial pressure of 3.7 mm Hg.
- In the alveoli, H2O is 6.2% and has a partial pressure of 47 mm Hg.
Gas Composition in Alveoli
- O2 diffuses from alveoli to blood, while CO2 diffuses in the opposite direction.
- Air humidification occurs in conductive passages.
- The air in alveoli is a combination of air from multiple breaths.
Gas Exchange
- Partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 drive diffusion when gas moves from high to low pressures.
Pulmonary Gas Exchange
- PO2 in alveoli is 104 or 105 mmHg.
- PO2 in deoxygenated blood is 40 mmHg.
- Oxygen flows from the alveoli to the blood.
Pulmonary Gas Exchange with Carbon Dioxide
- PCO2 in alveoli is 40 mmHg.
- PCO2 in deoxygenated blood is 45 mmHg.
- Carbon dioxide flows from blood to alveoli.
Tissue Gas Exchange
- PO2 in oxygenated blood is 100 mmHg.
- PO2 in tissues is 40 mmHg.
- Oxygen flows from blood to tissues.
Gas Exchange with Carbon Dioxide
- PCO2 in oxygenated blood is 40 mmHg.
- PCO2 in tissues is 45 mmHg.
- Carbon dioxide flows from tissues to blood.
Pressure Gradients
- Even though the O2 pressure gradient for oxygen diffusion is much steeper than the CO2 gradient, equal amounts of these gases are exchanged.
- Gas solubility.
- CO2 is 20 times more soluble in plasma and alveolar fluid than O2.
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