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What is the primary function of respiratory pigments in most animals?
What is the primary function of respiratory pigments in most animals?
According to the content, what unique characteristic do the Antarctic Icefish have in relation to gas exchange?
According to the content, what unique characteristic do the Antarctic Icefish have in relation to gas exchange?
What process facilitated by carbonic anhydrase within red blood cells is crucial for carbon dioxide transport?
What process facilitated by carbonic anhydrase within red blood cells is crucial for carbon dioxide transport?
In the context of CO2 excretion, the 'band 3' protein is primarily responsible for:
In the context of CO2 excretion, the 'band 3' protein is primarily responsible for:
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Where does the majority of carbon dioxide conversion into bicarbonate occur for transport in the blood?
Where does the majority of carbon dioxide conversion into bicarbonate occur for transport in the blood?
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At the gas exchange surface (lungs/gills), how is bicarbonate re-converted to carbon dioxide to be exhaled?
At the gas exchange surface (lungs/gills), how is bicarbonate re-converted to carbon dioxide to be exhaled?
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What change in the environment would cause the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen to decrease?
What change in the environment would cause the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen to decrease?
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In the reaction $HbH + O_2
ightleftharpoons HbO_2 + H^+$, what influence does the increase in proton concentration (H+) have on the equilibrium?
In the reaction $HbH + O_2 ightleftharpoons HbO_2 + H^+$, what influence does the increase in proton concentration (H+) have on the equilibrium?
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In the context of the provided information, what is the primary challenge for air breathers in excreting CO2?
In the context of the provided information, what is the primary challenge for air breathers in excreting CO2?
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According to the information provided, what is the primary function of peripheral chemoreceptors in mammals?
According to the information provided, what is the primary function of peripheral chemoreceptors in mammals?
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Based on the provided content, what is one primary difference in CO2 excretion between water-breathers and air-breathers?
Based on the provided content, what is one primary difference in CO2 excretion between water-breathers and air-breathers?
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In bimodal breathers, what is the primary route for O2 uptake and CO2 excretion?
In bimodal breathers, what is the primary route for O2 uptake and CO2 excretion?
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Based on the content, what can be deduced about CO2 exchange in skin breathers?
Based on the content, what can be deduced about CO2 exchange in skin breathers?
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According to the provided equation, what happens to CO2 in water?
According to the provided equation, what happens to CO2 in water?
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According to Fick's Law of Diffusion, as seen in the equation provided, how is the diffusion rate of a gas affected by the difference in partial pressures between two sides of a membrane (P1 - P2)?
According to Fick's Law of Diffusion, as seen in the equation provided, how is the diffusion rate of a gas affected by the difference in partial pressures between two sides of a membrane (P1 - P2)?
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Based on the content, what would be an appropriate way to describe the challenges for CO2 exchange in air breathers?
Based on the content, what would be an appropriate way to describe the challenges for CO2 exchange in air breathers?
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Study Notes
Lecture 6: Gas Exchange
- January 17th lecture covered CO2 exchange and regulating breathing
- Readings for further review: pages 654-677, 620-638, 677-685
Respiratory Pigments
- Bio 2601 covers respiratory pigments and hematocrit
- Hematocrit is a measurement of blood cells (mostly erythrocytes or red blood cells) in whole blood
- Whole blood separated into plasma (~55% of blood volume) and various blood cells (white blood cells <1% of blood volume, and red blood cells ~45% blood volume) through centrifugation.
Antarctic Icefish
- Antarctic icefish live at -1.9°C
- They lack respiratory pigments
- They obtain enough oxygen despite the lack of these pigments
- The lack of pigment may offer an advantage
Pigments & Oxygen Carrying Capacity
- Oxygen equilibrium curves (total O2) display the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen (mm Hg or kPa) and the milliliters of O2 per 100 mL of blood
- The P50 is the partial pressure of oxygen at which hemoglobin is 50% saturated
- High hemoglobin content results in higher oxygen carrying capacity
- Lower hemoglobin content results in lower carrying capacity
Percent Saturation of O2
- A graph displays the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen (x-axis) and percent saturation of hemoglobin (y-axis)
- The relationship is sigmoidal, indicating cooperative binding of oxygen to hemoglobin
- P50 on graph represents partial pressure of oxygen where 50% of hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen
Oxygen Concentration of Blood
- The graph depicts the correlation between partial pressure of oxygen (x axis) and the oxygen concentration in the blood (y axis)
- This graph shows the variation of oxygen concentration in blood tissues during exercise
CO2 Excretion: Working Tissues
- CO2 diffuses from tissues to blood plasma and red blood cells (RBCs).
- The majority of CO2 converts to bicarbonate ions (as the result of a reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase) in red blood cell
- Bicarbonate is transported to the plasma, and chloride ions rapidly exchange for bicarbonate ions in the red blood cells
CO2 Excretion: Gas Exchange Surface
- Bicarbonate (HCO3) cannot diffuse across membranes
- Most CO2 in the lungs is converted and diffuses out
- Equilibrium between CO2 and HCO3 needs to be understood
CO2 Excretion
- Air breathers face challenges due to the low CO2 level in air
- High partial pressure CO2 is necessary for CO2 diffusion
Blood Gases & Breathing
- Chemoreceptors, such as peripheral (carotid, aortic bodies) and central (medulla), detect blood gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) to regulate breathing
- The medulla is most important in regulating breathing
What Regulates Breathing?
- Data for air and water breathers suggests factors influencing breathing. The data plots respiratory rate against O2 and CO2 levels.
Unusual Air-Breathers
- High CO2 levels might pose challenges for air-breathing animals. Data plotted % Inspired CO2 against % Increase in V shows a complex response
CO2 Excretion
- Water breathers typically have an easier time excreting CO2, due to lower CO2 in water
What About Water Breathers?
- The data shows variation in ventilation rates (breaths per minute), correlated to changing partial pressures of oxygen
Gas Exchange: Bimodal Breathers
- Bimodal breathers use both lungs (for air) and gills (for water) to exchange gases
- There needs to be a re-rout of the blood to accomplish this
Gas Exchange: Skin Breathers
- Skin-breathing animals use their skin to absorb gases in water.
- Data shows variation in oxygen and CO2 exchange
Unusual Water Breathers
- Freshwater fish excrete ammonia (NH3) which converts into the ammonium ion in water.
- High CO2 might inhibit gills. Aquatic organisms might be subjected to unusual environmental conditions in which the pH is above 10.5. CO2 is converted back into NH₃ in the blood stream.
Ornithine-Urea Cycle
- A cycle in ureotelic organisms responsible for synthesizing urea from ammonia resulting from protein/amino acid metabolism
- The diagram displays various intermediate metabolites and enzymes in the process.
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Description
This quiz covers Lecture 6 from Bio 2601, focusing on gas exchange, respiratory pigments, and hematocrit. Examine the mechanisms of CO2 exchange, as well as the unique adaptation of Antarctic icefish in oxygen acquisition. Test your understanding of oxygen equilibrium curves and the implications of hematocrit measurements.
