Biology Chapter 8 Review Questions

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are autotrophs?

Bacteria

Fungi

Animals

Plants (correct)

One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy is?

ATP

Which scientist concluded that most of a growing plant's mass comes from water?

Van Helmont

In addition to light and chlorophyll, photosynthesis requires?

Water and Carbon Dioxide Signup and view all the answers

The leaves of a plant appear green because chlorophyll?

Reflects Green Light Signup and view all the answers

The products of photosynthesis are?

Sugars and Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

The first process in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is?

Light Absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which substance from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is a source of energy for the Calvin cycle?

NADPH Signup and view all the answers

The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as the?

Calvin Cycle Signup and view all the answers

How do heterotrophs and autotrophs differ in the way they obtain energy?

Autotrophs obtain energy through producing their own energy by using chemicals in their environment or by photosynthesis, while heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming and converting that energy. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the three parts of an ATP molecule.

Adenine, 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups. Signup and view all the answers

Use the analogy of a battery to explain how energy is stored in and released from ATP.

The 'battery' starts out fully charged which is ATP, then the bonds between the second and third phosphate break releasing the energy stored in ATP which then becomes ADP. Like the battery, it releases energy as needed and then becomes slightly drained. Signup and view all the answers

Compare the amounts of energy stored by ATP and glucose. Which compound is used by the cell as an immediate source of energy?

ATP stores energy for immediate usage and is used in most situations, while glucose is more of a secondary source of energy for the cell. Signup and view all the answers

How were Priestly's and Ingenhousz's discoveries about photosynthesis related?

Priestly's experiment showed how the sprig leaf produced oxygen for the lighted candle in a closed jar, while Ingenhousz's experiment showed that Priestly's experiment was only conducted with light and proved light was necessary. Signup and view all the answers

Write the basic equation for photosynthesis using the names of the starting and final substances of the process.

Carbon dioxide + Water -l-i-g-h-t- Sugars + Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What role do plant pigments play in the process of photosynthesis?

The more chlorophyll plants reflect, the more rays of sunlight it absorbs. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of NADP+ as an energy carrier in photosynthesis.

NADP+ takes the high-energy electron pair and one hydrogen ion and becomes NADPH, which takes the electrons and a hydrogen to the ATP synthase. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP synthase? How does it work?

ATP synthase takes the energy from a hydrogen ion that was coiled around in the organelle to combine ADP and a phosphate, then it spits out the hydrogen ion. Signup and view all the answers

Summarize what happens during the Calvin cycle.

During the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH are used as energy sources for producing high-energy sugars. Signup and view all the answers

How do the events in the Calvin cycle depend on the light-dependent reactions?

The light-dependent reactions produce the ATP and NADPH needed for the cycle to take place. Signup and view all the answers

Describe three factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs.

The amount of chlorophyll being reflected, the amount of sunlight rays being put out, and the temperature of the environment. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Autotrophs and Energy Storage

Autotrophs, such as plants, produce their own energy through photosynthesis, using light, water, and carbon dioxide.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary chemical compound living organisms use to store and transfer energy.

Historical Discoveries in Photosynthesis

Van Helmont concluded that water contributes significantly to a plant's mass.
Joseph Priestley's experiment demonstrated that plants release oxygen when exposed to light, while Ingenhousz clarified that light is essential for this process.

Photosynthesis Requirements and Outputs

Photosynthesis requires light, chlorophyll, water, and carbon dioxide, and produces sugars and oxygen as products.
The leaves appear green due to chlorophyll, which reflects green light.

Light-dependent and Light-independent Reactions

Light absorption is the first step in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
NADPH generated in the light-dependent reactions acts as an energy carrier for the Calvin cycle, also known as the light-independent reactions.

ATP Structure and Function

An ATP molecule consists of adenine, ribose (a 5-carbon sugar), and three phosphate groups.
ATP functions like a rechargeable battery, where energy is released when the bond between the second and third phosphate breaks, converting ATP to ADP.

Energy Compounds in Cells

ATP serves as the immediate source of energy for cells, while glucose serves as a secondary energy source.

Factors Influencing Photosynthesis

The rate of photosynthesis is influenced by the amount of chlorophyll, sunlight intensity, and environmental temperature.

Role of Plant Pigments

Plant pigments absorb sunlight, enhancing photosynthesis; chlorophyll's presence increases the plant's ability to capture light.

Calvin Cycle Overview

In the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions are utilized to synthesize high-energy sugars.
The success of the Calvin cycle is directly linked to the ATP and NADPH generated during light-dependent reactions.

ATP Synthase Function

ATP synthase utilizes the energy from hydrogen ions to combine ADP and a phosphate group, producing ATP for cellular energy.

Key Equation of Photosynthesis

The basic equation of photosynthesis is carbon dioxide + water + light → sugars + oxygen.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 8 of Biology. Questions include topics on autotrophs, energy storage in living organisms, and the requirements for photosynthesis. Ideal for reinforcing your understanding of plant biology and related scientists.