Questions and Answers
Which of the following are autotrophs?
One of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy is?
ATP
Which scientist concluded that most of a growing plant's mass comes from water?
Van Helmont
In addition to light and chlorophyll, photosynthesis requires?
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The leaves of a plant appear green because chlorophyll?
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The products of photosynthesis are?
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The first process in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is?
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Which substance from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is a source of energy for the Calvin cycle?
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The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as the?
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How do heterotrophs and autotrophs differ in the way they obtain energy?
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Describe the three parts of an ATP molecule.
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Use the analogy of a battery to explain how energy is stored in and released from ATP.
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Compare the amounts of energy stored by ATP and glucose. Which compound is used by the cell as an immediate source of energy?
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How were Priestly's and Ingenhousz's discoveries about photosynthesis related?
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Write the basic equation for photosynthesis using the names of the starting and final substances of the process.
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What role do plant pigments play in the process of photosynthesis?
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Explain the role of NADP+ as an energy carrier in photosynthesis.
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What is the role of ATP synthase? How does it work?
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Summarize what happens during the Calvin cycle.
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How do the events in the Calvin cycle depend on the light-dependent reactions?
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Describe three factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs.
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Study Notes
Autotrophs and Energy Storage
- Autotrophs, such as plants, produce their own energy through photosynthesis, using light, water, and carbon dioxide.
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary chemical compound living organisms use to store and transfer energy.
Historical Discoveries in Photosynthesis
- Van Helmont concluded that water contributes significantly to a plant's mass.
- Joseph Priestley's experiment demonstrated that plants release oxygen when exposed to light, while Ingenhousz clarified that light is essential for this process.
Photosynthesis Requirements and Outputs
- Photosynthesis requires light, chlorophyll, water, and carbon dioxide, and produces sugars and oxygen as products.
- The leaves appear green due to chlorophyll, which reflects green light.
Light-dependent and Light-independent Reactions
- Light absorption is the first step in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
- NADPH generated in the light-dependent reactions acts as an energy carrier for the Calvin cycle, also known as the light-independent reactions.
ATP Structure and Function
- An ATP molecule consists of adenine, ribose (a 5-carbon sugar), and three phosphate groups.
- ATP functions like a rechargeable battery, where energy is released when the bond between the second and third phosphate breaks, converting ATP to ADP.
Energy Compounds in Cells
- ATP serves as the immediate source of energy for cells, while glucose serves as a secondary energy source.
Factors Influencing Photosynthesis
- The rate of photosynthesis is influenced by the amount of chlorophyll, sunlight intensity, and environmental temperature.
Role of Plant Pigments
- Plant pigments absorb sunlight, enhancing photosynthesis; chlorophyll's presence increases the plant's ability to capture light.
Calvin Cycle Overview
- In the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reactions are utilized to synthesize high-energy sugars.
- The success of the Calvin cycle is directly linked to the ATP and NADPH generated during light-dependent reactions.
ATP Synthase Function
- ATP synthase utilizes the energy from hydrogen ions to combine ADP and a phosphate group, producing ATP for cellular energy.
Key Equation of Photosynthesis
- The basic equation of photosynthesis is carbon dioxide + water + light → sugars + oxygen.
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 8 of Biology. Questions include topics on autotrophs, energy storage in living organisms, and the requirements for photosynthesis. Ideal for reinforcing your understanding of plant biology and related scientists.