BIO 2 Exam 1 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the Process of Science?

Observation -> Question -> Experiment -> Hypothesis -> Conclusion

Which of these is an example of deductive reasoning leading to a correct conclusion?

  • Oak trees have leaves. Maple trees have leaves. Birch trees have leaves. Therefore, all trees have leaves.
  • All roses are plants. All roses have thorns. Therefore, all plants have thorns.
  • All of Mary's sisters have brown eyes. Linda has brown eyes. Therefore, Linda is Mary's sister.
  • Bill is a Dalmatian. All Dalmatians have spots. Therefore, Bill has spots. (correct)

    • It is common in science for hypotheses to be wrong.

    True

    What would be the best way to settle a dispute in science?

    <p>The magnitude of evidence in support of each idea.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In science, a theory is an untested guess.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of inductive reasoning?

    <p>Hundreds of individuals of a species have been observed and all are photosynthetic; therefore, the species is photosynthetic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the logic of scientific inquiry?

    <p>If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reasoning is used to generate and test predictions derived from a larger idea?

    <p>Deductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reasoning derives from specific observations to arrive at a more general principle?

    <p>Inductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'workhorse of the cell'?

    <p>Protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes something a pseudoscience?

    <p>An untestable hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a carbohydrate?

    <p>Structural support and source of energy for the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is fitness in biology?

    <p>How well suited an organism is able to survive and reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adaptation?

    <p>Process of a population becoming better suited on average through elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is selective pressure?

    <p>Anything that preferentially eliminates certain phenotypes from a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stabilizing selection?

    <p>Outliers are eliminated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is directional selection?

    <p>Outliers of one type favored. Shifts in one direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is disruptive selection?

    <p>Outliers favored at each extreme. Population divides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is allopatric speciation?

    <p>When there is a geographical change and isolation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sympatric speciation?

    <p>Same geographical area. One ancestor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are prezygotic barriers?

    <p>Anything that prevents mating, such as nocturnal birds vs. day birds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are postzygotic barriers?

    <p>Reproductive barrier that happens when a hybrid zygote is formed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adaptive radiation?

    <p>Evolution of an animal/plant group into a variety of types adapted to specialized modes of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gradualism equilibrium?

    <p>Evolution happens over a period of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is punctuated equilibrium?

    <p>Evolution occurs over shorter periods of time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an organism's phenotype?

    <p>It's inherited traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures?

    <p>Homologous structures share a line of descent, while analogous structures have the same function but evolved independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are vestigial structures?

    <p>Once had an important function but are now almost unnecessary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does evolution explain?

    <p>Diversity of life, unity of life, and patterns of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the discovery of Tiktaalik explain?

    <p>Explains the beginning of 4 legged creatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Process of Science

    • Follows a sequence: observation, question, experiment, hypothesis, conclusion.

    Reasoning in Science

    • Deductive reasoning example: B) Bill is a Dalmatian; all Dalmatians have spots; therefore, Bill has spots.
    • Inductive reasoning involves deriving a general principle from specific observations, exemplified by: A) Hundreds of individuals of a species observed to be photosynthetic indicates that the species is photosynthetic.
    • Deductive reasoning is used to generate and test predictions from broader ideas.

    Hypotheses and Theories

    • It is normal for hypotheses to be incorrect in scientific research.
    • A theory is not an untested guess; it is a well-substantiated explanation.

    Dispute Resolution

    • The magnitude of evidence supporting each idea is crucial for resolving scientific disputes.

    Key Concepts of Evolution

    • Fitness refers to an organism's ability to survive and reproduce.
    • Adaptation is the process through which a population becomes better suited to its environment.
    • Selective pressure refers to factors that non-randomly eliminate certain phenotypes in a population.

    Types of Natural Selection

    • Stabilizing selection eliminates outliers, favoring the average traits.
    • Directional selection favors one type of outlier, shifting the population in one direction.
    • Disruptive selection favors outliers at both extremes, potentially leading to population division.

    Speciation

    • Allopatric speciation involves geographical changes leading to isolation, creating unique species (e.g., species on Madagascar).
    • Sympatric speciation occurs within the same geographical area, arising from one ancestor.

    Reproductive Barriers

    • Prezygotic barriers prevent mating or fertilization, such as nocturnal vs. diurnal birds.
    • Postzygotic barriers impede hybrid viability or fertility (e.g., mules).

    Evolutionary Concepts

    • Adaptive radiation is the evolution of various types from a common ancestor, adapted to specific modes of life.
    • Gradualism suggests evolution occurs over long periods, while punctuated equilibrium posits that evolution occurs in rapid bursts.

    Phenotype and Structures

    • An organism's phenotype consists of its inherited traits.
    • Homologous structures share a common ancestry despite different functions, while analogous structures serve similar functions but do not share a common origin.
    • Vestigial structures are remnants of features that were once functional, like goosebumps or the appendix.

    Significance of Evolution

    • Evolution explains life's diversity, unity, and patterns.
    • The discovery of Tiktaalik helps to understand the transition to four-legged terrestrial creatures.

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    Test your knowledge of the scientific process and reasoning through this set of flashcards designed for BIO 2 Exam 1. This quiz will cover essential definitions and examples, helping you to solidify your understanding of key concepts. Get ready to ace your exam with these effective study tools!

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