BIO 2 Exam 1 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the Process of Science?

Observation -> Question -> Experiment -> Hypothesis -> Conclusion

Which of these is an example of deductive reasoning leading to a correct conclusion?

Oak trees have leaves. Maple trees have leaves. Birch trees have leaves. Therefore, all trees have leaves.

All roses are plants. All roses have thorns. Therefore, all plants have thorns.

All of Mary's sisters have brown eyes. Linda has brown eyes. Therefore, Linda is Mary's sister.

Bill is a Dalmatian. All Dalmatians have spots. Therefore, Bill has spots. (correct)

It is common in science for hypotheses to be wrong.

True

What would be the best way to settle a dispute in science?

The magnitude of evidence in support of each idea. Signup and view all the answers

In science, a theory is an untested guess.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of inductive reasoning?

Hundreds of individuals of a species have been observed and all are photosynthetic; therefore, the species is photosynthetic. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the logic of scientific inquiry?

If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results. Signup and view all the answers

What type of reasoning is used to generate and test predictions derived from a larger idea?

Deductive reasoning Signup and view all the answers

What type of reasoning derives from specific observations to arrive at a more general principle?

Inductive reasoning Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'workhorse of the cell'?

Protein Signup and view all the answers

What makes something a pseudoscience?

An untestable hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What is a carbohydrate?

Structural support and source of energy for the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is fitness in biology?

How well suited an organism is able to survive and reproduce Signup and view all the answers

What is adaptation?

Process of a population becoming better suited on average through elimination Signup and view all the answers

What is selective pressure?

Anything that preferentially eliminates certain phenotypes from a population. Signup and view all the answers

What is stabilizing selection?

Outliers are eliminated Signup and view all the answers

What is directional selection?

Outliers of one type favored. Shifts in one direction Signup and view all the answers

What is disruptive selection?

Outliers favored at each extreme. Population divides Signup and view all the answers

What is allopatric speciation?

When there is a geographical change and isolation. Signup and view all the answers

What is sympatric speciation?

Same geographical area. One ancestor. Signup and view all the answers

What are prezygotic barriers?

Anything that prevents mating, such as nocturnal birds vs. day birds. Signup and view all the answers

What are postzygotic barriers?

Reproductive barrier that happens when a hybrid zygote is formed. Signup and view all the answers

What is adaptive radiation?

Evolution of an animal/plant group into a variety of types adapted to specialized modes of life. Signup and view all the answers

What is gradualism equilibrium?

Evolution happens over a period of time. Signup and view all the answers

What is punctuated equilibrium?

Evolution occurs over shorter periods of time. Signup and view all the answers

What is an organism's phenotype?

It's inherited traits. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures?

Homologous structures share a line of descent, while analogous structures have the same function but evolved independently. Signup and view all the answers

What are vestigial structures?

Once had an important function but are now almost unnecessary. Signup and view all the answers

What does evolution explain?

Diversity of life, unity of life, and patterns of life. Signup and view all the answers

What did the discovery of Tiktaalik explain?

Explains the beginning of 4 legged creatures. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Process of Science

Follows a sequence: observation, question, experiment, hypothesis, conclusion.

Reasoning in Science

Deductive reasoning example: B) Bill is a Dalmatian; all Dalmatians have spots; therefore, Bill has spots.
Inductive reasoning involves deriving a general principle from specific observations, exemplified by: A) Hundreds of individuals of a species observed to be photosynthetic indicates that the species is photosynthetic.
Deductive reasoning is used to generate and test predictions from broader ideas.

Hypotheses and Theories

It is normal for hypotheses to be incorrect in scientific research.
A theory is not an untested guess; it is a well-substantiated explanation.

Dispute Resolution

The magnitude of evidence supporting each idea is crucial for resolving scientific disputes.

Key Concepts of Evolution

Fitness refers to an organism's ability to survive and reproduce.
Adaptation is the process through which a population becomes better suited to its environment.
Selective pressure refers to factors that non-randomly eliminate certain phenotypes in a population.

Types of Natural Selection

Stabilizing selection eliminates outliers, favoring the average traits.
Directional selection favors one type of outlier, shifting the population in one direction.
Disruptive selection favors outliers at both extremes, potentially leading to population division.

Speciation

Allopatric speciation involves geographical changes leading to isolation, creating unique species (e.g., species on Madagascar).
Sympatric speciation occurs within the same geographical area, arising from one ancestor.

Reproductive Barriers

Prezygotic barriers prevent mating or fertilization, such as nocturnal vs. diurnal birds.
Postzygotic barriers impede hybrid viability or fertility (e.g., mules).

Evolutionary Concepts

Adaptive radiation is the evolution of various types from a common ancestor, adapted to specific modes of life.
Gradualism suggests evolution occurs over long periods, while punctuated equilibrium posits that evolution occurs in rapid bursts.

Phenotype and Structures

An organism's phenotype consists of its inherited traits.
Homologous structures share a common ancestry despite different functions, while analogous structures serve similar functions but do not share a common origin.
Vestigial structures are remnants of features that were once functional, like goosebumps or the appendix.

Significance of Evolution

Evolution explains life's diversity, unity, and patterns.
The discovery of Tiktaalik helps to understand the transition to four-legged terrestrial creatures.

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