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Questions and Answers
What defines heredity in biological terms?
Which statement accurately describes homologous chromosomes?
What term describes the genetic composition of an organism's sex chromosomes?
What type of reproduction involves the fusion of gametes?
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What is true about diploid cells?
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What is the definition of a dominant allele?
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What does the term 'phenotype' refer to?
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Which of the following accurately describes the F2 Generation?
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In which inheritance pattern do two alleles influence the phenotype in distinct ways?
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Which statement best expresses the concept of complete dominance?
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What characterizes polygenic inheritance?
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What does 'true breeding' refer to in genetics?
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What is the main role of the synaptonemal complex during meiosis?
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What distinguishes haploid cells from diploid cells?
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What are the sex chromosomes that a male contributes to his offspring?
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How many pairs of homologous chromosomes do humans have?
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What is the defining characteristic of homologous chromosomes?
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In a karyotype, how can one determine if the individual is female?
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What is true regarding gametes in humans?
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Which of the following accurately describes a sister chromatid?
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Which of the following statements is correct about sexual reproduction and hermaphroditism?
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What is the main outcome of mitosis?
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Which event occurs during Prophase I of Meiosis?
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What is the definition of independent assortment of chromosomes?
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What is a characteristic unique to meiosis?
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What describes the alternation of generations in an organism?
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What is the role of DNA replication during Interphase prior to meiosis?
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Which mechanism does NOT contribute to genetic variation?
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What was one reason pea plants were a suitable study organism for Mendel?
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Study Notes
Key Definitions in Genetics
- Heredity: Transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
- Variation: Differences in appearance among offspring compared to parents and siblings.
- Genetics: Scientific study of heredity and inherited variation.
- Genes: Units of heredity made up of DNA segments.
- Gametes: Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that carry genes to the next generation.
- Locus: Specific position of a gene on a chromosome.
- Asexual Reproduction: Reproduction without sperm and egg involvement, resulting in clones.
- Hermaphroditism: Ability to produce both eggs and sperm within the same individual.
- Sexual Reproduction: Offspring produced from two parents.
- Karyotype: Ordered display of chromosome pairs from a cell.
- Homologous Chromosomes: Chromosomes similar in size, shape, and gene positions.
- Autosomes: 22 pairs of chromosomes excluding sex chromosomes.
- Diploid Cell: Cell with two sets of chromosomes (46 in humans).
- Haploid Cell: Cell with one set of chromosomes (23 in humans).
Gametes and Fertilization
- Fertilization: Fusion of male sperm and female egg to form a zygote (fertilized egg).
- Zygote: Cell formed post-fertilization containing genetic material from both parents.
Genetic Terminology
- Phenotype: Observable physical traits of an organism.
- Genotype: Genetic makeup of an organism.
- Dominant Allele: Produces a certain phenotype even in presence of other alleles.
- Recessive Allele: Phenotype expressed only when two recessive alleles are present.
Genetic Crosses and Inheritance Patterns
- Monohybrid Cross: Cross between organisms focusing on one trait.
- Dihybrid Cross: Cross considering two traits and their inheritance.
- Pleiotropy: A single gene influencing multiple phenotypic traits.
- Complete Dominance: Dominant and heterozygous phenotypes appear identical.
- Incomplete Dominance: Heterozygote displays a mixed phenotype.
- Co-Dominance: Two alleles express distinct phenotypic traits simultaneously.
Chromosomal Components and Functions
- Sister Chromatids: Identical copies of a chromosome formed during DNA replication.
- Homologous Chromosomes: Chromosome pairs that are similar but not identical.
- Ending Chromatids: When chromatids pull apart during cell division, leading to genetic diversity.
Differences Between Cells
- Somatic Cells: Diploid human cells, such as skin, muscle, or blood cells.
- Gametes: Haploid cells (sperm and eggs) essential for sexual reproduction.
Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction: Requires fusion of gametes; produces genetic variation.
- Asexual Reproduction: No gamete fusion; results in identical clones through processes like budding or binary fission.
- Hermaphroditism: Organisms that can self-fertilize or cross-fertilize.
Karyotyping and Chromosome Identification
- Human Karyotype: 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 homologous pairs; sex is determined by the 23rd pair.
- Male Karyotype: Presence of XY chromosomes.
- Female Karyotype: Presence of XX chromosomes.
Cell Division Processes
- Mitosis: Produces two identical daughter cells with the same chromosome number as the parent cell.
- Meiosis: Produces four genetically diverse haploid daughter cells; involves two rounds of division.
Unique Events in Meiosis
- Crossing Over: Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I.
- Independent Assortment: Random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
- Reduction Division: Halving chromosome number during meiosis.
Genetic Variation Mechanisms
- Independent Assortment: Random alignment and separation of homologous chromosomes leading to variation.
- Crossing Over: Transfer of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I.
- Mutations: Changes in DNA sequence contributing to diversity.
Generational Biology
- Alternation of Generations: Life cycle that alternates between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte stages.
Mendelian Genetics
- Blending Hypothesis: Discredited; failed to explain inheritance patterns adequately.
- Particulate Hypothesis: Established foundation of genetics via Mendel's pea plant experiments, showing traits are inherited as discrete units.
Advantages of Using Peas in Genetic Studies
- Peas offer distinct traits, ease of cultivation, and quick reproductive cycles, making them ideal for Mendelian experimentation.
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Description
Prepare for your Exam 1 in BIO 104 with this review quiz focusing on key definitions in genetics and heredity. You'll find essential terms like heredity, variation, and genetics covered, helping you solidify your understanding. Make sure you're ready to tackle these concepts on the exam!