Nutrition and Metabolism Overview

Questions and Answers

What is anabolism?

Provides energy

Builds up molecules into complex compounds (correct)

Breaks down molecules into simpler compounds

Involves the digestion of food

What does adipose tissue store?

Fat

What is the process of catabolism?

Stores energy

Breaks food into smaller molecules to release energy (correct)

Synthesizes proteins

Builds up complex compounds

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate Signup and view all the answers

What are amino acids?

Building blocks of proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is anorexia nervosa?

An eating disorder characterized by refusal to eat and fear of gaining weight Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes bulimia nervosa?

Episodes of overeating followed by purging Signup and view all the answers

What does BMI stand for?

Body Mass Index Signup and view all the answers

What are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?

Nutritional reference values for diet assessment and planning Signup and view all the answers

What is emulsification?

Breaking fats into smaller droplets using bile Signup and view all the answers

What are essential nutrients?

Elements that the body cannot produce and are necessary for good health Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of hydrogenation?

Adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats to make them more saturated Signup and view all the answers

What is nutrition?

The intake and assimilation of food, vitamins, and minerals Signup and view all the answers

What is metabolism?

The use of food by the body after digestion Signup and view all the answers

What are macronutrients?

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats Signup and view all the answers

What are micronutrients?

Vitamins and minerals needed in small amounts Signup and view all the answers

What is glycogenesis?

Formation of glycogen from glucose Signup and view all the answers

What role do vitamins play in the diet?

Required in small amounts for normal metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What are minerals?

Inorganic elements needed for enzyme function Signup and view all the answers

What is thermoregulation?

Maintaining body temperature control Signup and view all the answers

What components make up proper nutrition?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, essential vitamins and minerals Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the liver in metabolism?

Secretes bile, metabolizes carbs, fats, and proteins, maintains blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What are prothrombin and fibrinogen used for?

Blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

What does albumin do?

Maintains the proper amount of water in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?

Essential amino acids must be supplied by diet; non-essential can be made by the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

The rate at which nutrients are broken down at rest Signup and view all the answers

What does TMR stand for?

Total metabolic rate Signup and view all the answers

What factors determine basal and total metabolic rates?

Size, sex, age, thyroid hormone amount, body composition Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 mechanisms of heat loss from the skin?

Convection, conduction, radiation, and evaporation Signup and view all the answers

What types of proteins are made by the liver?

Prothrombin, fibrinogen, and albumin Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced by one molecule of glucose?

Thirty-six Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal fasting blood glucose level?

80-110 Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum amount of moderate exercise recommended by the USDA's MyPlate?

2 hours 30 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What are the 6 classes of essential nutrients?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water Signup and view all the answers

How many kilocalories are found in essential nutrients?

Carbs & proteins 4; fats 9; alcohol 7 Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended sugar intake as part of a healthy diet?

8% or 40 g Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose and function of cholesterol in the diet?

Building block for cell membranes and hormones, provides no energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vitamin D in the body?

Promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus Signup and view all the answers

What does vitamin K do?

Plays a role in blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

What is vitamin B9 (folic acid) necessary for?

Cell division and DNA formation Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about vitamin B12?

Requires intrinsic factor for absorption Signup and view all the answers

What role does vitamin C play in the body?

Supports immune function and wound healing Signup and view all the answers

What dietary needs are important for pregnant and lactating women?

300 to 500 kilocalories, folic acid, and iron Signup and view all the answers

What are common dietary needs during infancy?

Breast milk and iron-fortified formula Signup and view all the answers

What dietary needs are common during adolescence?

Calorie-rich, nutrition-poor diets; deficient in several vitamins and minerals Signup and view all the answers

What is lactose intolerance?

Inability to digest lactose Signup and view all the answers

What is dumping syndrome?

Stomach contents empty too quickly into small intestine Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anabolism and Catabolism

Anabolism builds complex compounds from simpler molecules, essential for growth and tissue repair.
Catabolism breaks down food into smaller molecules, releasing energy for cellular functions.

Energy and Nutrients

ATP is the primary energy source for cellular processes.
Amino acids are the essential building blocks of proteins; 22 are necessary for metabolism, with 9 being essential from the diet.
Macronutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, forming the bulk of dietary intake.
Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals required in small amounts for proper body function.

Eating Disorders

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder marked by a refusal to eat and an intense fear of gaining weight.
Bulimia nervosa involves cycles of binge eating followed by purging behaviors.

Body Composition and Health

BMI (Body Mass Index) categorizes weight status:
- Underweight: Less than 18.5
- Normal: 18.5 - 24.9
- Overweight: 25 - 29.9
- Obese: 30 - 39.9
Essential nutrients must be obtained from the diet as the body cannot produce them.

Digestive Processes

Emulsification is the process of breaking fats into smaller droplets, requiring bile from the liver.
Glycogenesis refers to the formation of glycogen from glucose, a key anabolic pathway.

Vitamin and Mineral Functions

Vitamins are organic compounds needed for normal metabolic processes; only fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are stored in the body.
Minerals are inorganic elements crucial for enzyme function and overall health.

Metabolism

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is the rate at which the body utilizes nutrients while at rest.
Total Metabolic Rate (TMR) accounts for all energy expended in a day.
Factors influencing metabolic rates include size, sex, age, body composition, and physical activity.

Protein and Liver Function

The liver synthesizes proteins such as prothrombin, fibrinogen, and albumin essential for blood clotting and maintaining blood water balance.
Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver, crucial for cell membranes and hormone production; intake should be limited to under 300 mg per day.

Dietary Recommendations

Normal fasting blood glucose levels range from 80-110 mg/dL.
Moderate exercise recommendations by the USDA suggest at least 2 hours 30 minutes each week.
Recommended sugar intake should be limited to 8% of total daily calories or approximately 40 grams.

Special Population Nutritional Needs

Pregnant and lactating women need an additional 300-500 kcal in the last trimester and require folic acid and iron.
Infants should primarily consume breast milk or iron-fortified formula; introducing solids too early may lead to food allergies.
Adolescents commonly consume calorie-rich, nutrition-poor diets lacking essential nutrients like iron and calcium.

Specific Health Conditions

Lactose intolerance leads to digestive issues after consuming lactose-containing foods, usually within 30 minutes to 2 hours.
Dumping syndrome occurs when stomach contents empty too quickly into the small intestine, causing various gastrointestinal symptoms following high-sugar meals.

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Explore the essential concepts of anabolism and catabolism, the role of nutrients in energy production, and key factors in eating disorders. This quiz will test your knowledge on body composition, macronutrients, and micronutrients essential for health.