Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is anabolism?
What is anabolism?
- Provides energy
- Builds up molecules into complex compounds (correct)
- Breaks down molecules into simpler compounds
- Involves the digestion of food
What does adipose tissue store?
What does adipose tissue store?
Fat
What is the process of catabolism?
What is the process of catabolism?
- Stores energy
- Breaks food into smaller molecules to release energy (correct)
- Synthesizes proteins
- Builds up complex compounds
What does ATP stand for?
What does ATP stand for?
What are amino acids?
What are amino acids?
What is anorexia nervosa?
What is anorexia nervosa?
What characterizes bulimia nervosa?
What characterizes bulimia nervosa?
What does BMI stand for?
What does BMI stand for?
What are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?
What are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)?
What is emulsification?
What is emulsification?
What are essential nutrients?
What are essential nutrients?
What is the purpose of hydrogenation?
What is the purpose of hydrogenation?
What is nutrition?
What is nutrition?
What is metabolism?
What is metabolism?
What are macronutrients?
What are macronutrients?
What are micronutrients?
What are micronutrients?
What is glycogenesis?
What is glycogenesis?
What role do vitamins play in the diet?
What role do vitamins play in the diet?
What are minerals?
What are minerals?
What is thermoregulation?
What is thermoregulation?
What components make up proper nutrition?
What components make up proper nutrition?
What are the functions of the liver in metabolism?
What are the functions of the liver in metabolism?
What are prothrombin and fibrinogen used for?
What are prothrombin and fibrinogen used for?
What does albumin do?
What does albumin do?
What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?
What is the difference between essential and non-essential amino acids?
What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
What does TMR stand for?
What does TMR stand for?
What factors determine basal and total metabolic rates?
What factors determine basal and total metabolic rates?
What are the 4 mechanisms of heat loss from the skin?
What are the 4 mechanisms of heat loss from the skin?
What types of proteins are made by the liver?
What types of proteins are made by the liver?
How many ATP molecules are produced by one molecule of glucose?
How many ATP molecules are produced by one molecule of glucose?
What is the normal fasting blood glucose level?
What is the normal fasting blood glucose level?
What is the minimum amount of moderate exercise recommended by the USDA's MyPlate?
What is the minimum amount of moderate exercise recommended by the USDA's MyPlate?
What are the 6 classes of essential nutrients?
What are the 6 classes of essential nutrients?
How many kilocalories are found in essential nutrients?
How many kilocalories are found in essential nutrients?
What is the recommended sugar intake as part of a healthy diet?
What is the recommended sugar intake as part of a healthy diet?
What is the purpose and function of cholesterol in the diet?
What is the purpose and function of cholesterol in the diet?
What is the role of vitamin D in the body?
What is the role of vitamin D in the body?
What does vitamin K do?
What does vitamin K do?
What is vitamin B9 (folic acid) necessary for?
What is vitamin B9 (folic acid) necessary for?
What is unique about vitamin B12?
What is unique about vitamin B12?
What role does vitamin C play in the body?
What role does vitamin C play in the body?
What dietary needs are important for pregnant and lactating women?
What dietary needs are important for pregnant and lactating women?
What are common dietary needs during infancy?
What are common dietary needs during infancy?
What dietary needs are common during adolescence?
What dietary needs are common during adolescence?
What is lactose intolerance?
What is lactose intolerance?
What is dumping syndrome?
What is dumping syndrome?
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Study Notes
Anabolism and Catabolism
- Anabolism builds complex compounds from simpler molecules, essential for growth and tissue repair.
- Catabolism breaks down food into smaller molecules, releasing energy for cellular functions.
Energy and Nutrients
- ATP is the primary energy source for cellular processes.
- Amino acids are the essential building blocks of proteins; 22 are necessary for metabolism, with 9 being essential from the diet.
- Macronutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, forming the bulk of dietary intake.
- Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals required in small amounts for proper body function.
Eating Disorders
- Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder marked by a refusal to eat and an intense fear of gaining weight.
- Bulimia nervosa involves cycles of binge eating followed by purging behaviors.
Body Composition and Health
- BMI (Body Mass Index) categorizes weight status:
- Underweight: Less than 18.5
- Normal: 18.5 - 24.9
- Overweight: 25 - 29.9
- Obese: 30 - 39.9
- Essential nutrients must be obtained from the diet as the body cannot produce them.
Digestive Processes
- Emulsification is the process of breaking fats into smaller droplets, requiring bile from the liver.
- Glycogenesis refers to the formation of glycogen from glucose, a key anabolic pathway.
Vitamin and Mineral Functions
- Vitamins are organic compounds needed for normal metabolic processes; only fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are stored in the body.
- Minerals are inorganic elements crucial for enzyme function and overall health.
Metabolism
- Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is the rate at which the body utilizes nutrients while at rest.
- Total Metabolic Rate (TMR) accounts for all energy expended in a day.
- Factors influencing metabolic rates include size, sex, age, body composition, and physical activity.
Protein and Liver Function
- The liver synthesizes proteins such as prothrombin, fibrinogen, and albumin essential for blood clotting and maintaining blood water balance.
- Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver, crucial for cell membranes and hormone production; intake should be limited to under 300 mg per day.
Dietary Recommendations
- Normal fasting blood glucose levels range from 80-110 mg/dL.
- Moderate exercise recommendations by the USDA suggest at least 2 hours 30 minutes each week.
- Recommended sugar intake should be limited to 8% of total daily calories or approximately 40 grams.
Special Population Nutritional Needs
- Pregnant and lactating women need an additional 300-500 kcal in the last trimester and require folic acid and iron.
- Infants should primarily consume breast milk or iron-fortified formula; introducing solids too early may lead to food allergies.
- Adolescents commonly consume calorie-rich, nutrition-poor diets lacking essential nutrients like iron and calcium.
Specific Health Conditions
- Lactose intolerance leads to digestive issues after consuming lactose-containing foods, usually within 30 minutes to 2 hours.
- Dumping syndrome occurs when stomach contents empty too quickly into the small intestine, causing various gastrointestinal symptoms following high-sugar meals.
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