Binary, Overflow and Rounding

• Binary represents data using two options.
• A bit (binary digit) is the smallest unit of computer information (0 or 1).
• A byte consists of 8 bits.
• Decimal represents data using ten options (0-9).

Overflow and Rounding

• Overflow error occurs when a number is too large to be represented.
• Round-off error happens when a number is too precise and gets rounded.

Black and White Images

• Analog data changes continuously (e.g., music, colors).
• Digital data changes discretely through a set of values.
• Sampling converts analog data to digital by measuring at regular intervals.

Understanding Computers and the Binary System

• Computers use circuits to transmit information through electricity.
• A bit is the smallest unit of computer information.
• The binary system uses 0 and 1 to represent information.
• Each position in binary represents a power of 2.
• With 8 wires, numbers from 0 to 255 can be stored.
• Each letter is assigned a unique binary number.
• Images are made of pixels, each numerically represented.
• Sound is represented as waveforms, translated into numerical values.
• Coding involves direct interaction with binary digits.

Lossless Compression

• Lossless compression reduces file size without losing information, and is reversible.

Understanding Text Compression

• Text compression reduces the size of data.

• It makes information like numbers, text, images, and music space-efficient.

• Data size reduction decreases file sizes.

• Lossless compression compresses data without losing information.

• A compression widget can show compression happening in real time.

• Effective compression occurs when dictionary bytes are less than the original text.

• Recognizing repeating patterns is essential for efficient compression.

• Data compression is used in web pages for efficient information representation.

• Lossy compression reduces file size by removing some information, which makes it irreversible.

• Creative Commons licenses allow free distribution of copyrighted work with author's permission.

• Intellectual property is any creative work or invention with protected rights (patent, copyright, etc).

• Bandwidth is the amount of data transferable in a time period.

• A computing device is a machine that runs programs, like computers, tablets and smart sensors.

• A computing network is a group of interconnected devices that can send data.

• A computing system is a group of devices and programs working together.

• A path is the series of connections between devices on a network.

• IP addresses are unique numbers for each device on the internet.

• Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol for sending data across the internet using IP addresses.

• A protocol is an agreed-upon set of rules for system behavior.

The Need for Addressing

• In the 1970's internet connectivity was not standardized.
• Internet protocols are fundamental to how the internet operates.
• The internetworking protocol enabled billions of devices to connect.
• The internet architecture relies on agreed-upon protocols.
• IP addresses are required for connection to the internet.
• IPv4 uses 32 bits, providing over 4 billion unique addresses.
• IPv6 offers over 340 undecillion unique addresses.
• The Domain Name System (DNS) links domain names (e.g., www.example.com) to IP addresses.
• DNS servers manage domains, ensuring efficient resolution of domain names to IP addresses.
• DNS spoofing can lead to security breaches by redirecting users.
• Internet protocols must be scalable to handle increasing users and devices.