Bilingualism and Learning Strategies

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Questions and Answers

What is the meaning of "1P-2L" as used in the text?

One parent, one language
One parent, two languages (correct)
Two parents, two languages.
Two parents, one language

In a "1P-1L" environment, how would a child differentiate between the languages?

The child would rely on context clues, such as the speaker's identity, to distinguish between the languages. (correct)
The child would learn to associate each language with a specific topic or subject.
The child's innate language acquisition abilities would instinctively differentiate between the two languages.
The child's brain would automatically separate the two languages based on their distinct sounds.

What is the primary advantage of a "1P-1L" environment for language development?

The child is more likely to develop a stronger connection to both languages.
The child develops a more sophisticated understanding of the nuances of each language.
Consistency in language exposure allows for faster and more proficient language learning. (correct)
The child's cognitive abilities are stimulated, leading to enhanced overall language acquisition.

What evidence is provided to support the claim that children in a "1P-2L" environment can become fluent in both languages?

Observations of children raised in bilingual environments reveal they naturally acquire both languages. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of research on bilingual infants during the 1990s?

To investigate how bilingual infants differentiate between languages at an early age. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the central idea concerning the development of bilingual children?

Bilingual children follow a similar language acquisition path as monolingual children, initially acquiring phonological properties at a similar rate. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion can be drawn based on the example of the trilingual children in Honolulu?

Early exposure to multiple languages creates a foundation for exceptional multilingual proficiency. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens as bilingual infants continue to develop?

They gradually develop a preference for one language, which becomes their dominant language. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the error in the sentence: "Now Tom happy is."?

Interference from the Japanese language order of constituents. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the "Article Insertion Strategy" mentioned in the text?

A strategy where students insert articles into sentences when they are unsure of the correct grammar. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of constituents in a Japanese sentence?

Adverbials + Subject + Object + Verb (B) Signup and view all the answers

What grammatical element is missing in the sentence "Yesterday theatre at John Mary met."?

Article (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sentences demonstrates the error caused by the "Second-Language Strategy"?

Afterwards they ate the dinner. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains why the sentence "Afterwards they ate the dinner." is considered an error?

The student has mistakenly used an article with an uncountable noun. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sentences is grammatically correct in English?

Yesterday John met Mary at the theatre. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of "interference" as it relates to second language acquisition?

The process of transferring knowledge from one language to another. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a 'communication strategy' in second-language learning?

A way to keep the conversation going when the learner lacks the necessary language knowledge. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of 'overgeneralization' in second-language learning?

Using the wrong grammatical rule in the second language, even though it sounds similar to the first language. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of communication strategies in second-language learning?

They increase the amount of language input the learner receives. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is 'codeswitching' in second-language learning?

Using words or phrases from the first language in a second-language conversation. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between 'communication strategies' and 'learning strategies' in second-language learning?

Communication strategies focus on fluency, while learning strategies focus on accuracy. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why might a second-language learner choose to use a communication strategy instead of remaining silent?

To keep the conversation going and learn more from the interaction. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a communication strategy mentioned in the text?

Coining a new word to express a concept that is missing in the second language. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key element of effective communication strategies in second-language learning?

Using the first language as a primary source of knowledge. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what is a factor that can lead to a faster rate of learning a second language?

Having a similar syntax to the first language. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What example does the passage give for the relationship between language similarity and speed of learning?

Native English speakers may find learning French easier than Japanese. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the passage?

All second languages are equally challenging for native speakers of English. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Finnish study mentioned in the passage?

It supports the idea that learning a second language that is similar to the first language is easier. (A) Signup and view all the answers

The passage mentions that Japanese learners of English have difficulties with:

Pronunciation. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument of the passage about second language learning?

The more similar a second language is to the first language, the easier it is to learn. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, what would a Japanese speaker likely find relatively easy to learn?

Korean. (A) Signup and view all the answers

The passage states that similarities in vocabulary can:

Significantly improve the learning speed of a second language. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Rubin (1981), what strategy involves forming assumptions about the target language based on knowledge of one's native language or other languages learned?

Inductive processing (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy emphasizes the importance of actively recognizing and correcting errors in language production?

Monitoring (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which author is cited in the text as having conducted a review of research on the effectiveness of explicit strategy instruction?

Cohen (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy involves using logic to solve language problems?

Deductive reasoning (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is described as involving techniques like mnemonic devices and repetition for storing and recalling information?

Memorization (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for teaching reading in a bilingual environment?

Sequential introduction of languages, with the second language following the first. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the One Person–One Language (1P–1L) approach used in bilingual families?

Each parent speaks only one language to the child, regardless of the language spoken by the other parent. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the passage?

To discuss strategies for teaching reading in a bilingual setting. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text state about the comparison of language acquisition in bilingual children and monolingual children?

Bilingual children go through identical stages of language development as monolingual children, although the rate of acquisition may differ. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used when a bilingual individual uses vocabulary or phrases from one language while speaking another?

Codeswitching (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT mentioned as a factor influencing the rate of second language acquisition?

The learner's age (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the similarity between a first and second language affect second language acquisition?

Greater similarity leads to faster acquisition, as fewer new concepts need to be learned. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary point made about bilingual children's language development in the initial two- and three-word stages?

These stages are characterized by a deliberate switch between the two languages as needed. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements BEST reflects the current view discussed in the text about simultaneous bilingual children's language acquisition?

Bilingual children primarily switch between languages, similar to adult language learners, rather than blending them. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, how would learning French as a second language after learning English compare to learning Japanese as a second language after learning English?

Learning Japanese would be significantly more challenging due to its distinct syntax compared to English. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is most accurate about the term 'transfer effect' in second-language acquisition?

It describes the influence of the learner's first language on their acquisition of the second language. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a form of bilingualism?

A person fluent in spoken Chinese and gestures but not a formal sign language (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why were early 20th-century views on early childhood bilingualism often negative?

Early research suggested that bilingualism slowed native language development and might hinder intellectual growth. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following researchers challenged the notion that non-standard dialects are less complex than standard English?

Labov and other researchers in the 1960s and 1970s (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was the key error in Smith's (1939) assessment of Hawaiian children's English skills?

She penalized them for not using standard English (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern regarding early bilingualism and first-language development?

Learning two languages simultaneously can lead to difficulty in fully mastering either language. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Bruck et al.'s (1976) study on French immersion programs revealed that:

By fourth or fifth grade, their French skills were comparable to native speakers (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why did attitudes toward bilingualism become more positive in the 1960s?

Increased global travel and growing ethnic pride movements contributed to a reassessment of bilingualism. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Bruck et al.'s study, how did bilingualism impact the native English skills of children in the French immersion program?

It caused no loss in native English language development (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries has four official languages?

Switzerland (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the positive shift in attitudes towards bilingualism?

Global travel and ethnic pride movements have led to greater appreciation for linguistic diversity. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What additional benefits were observed in bilingual children in the French immersion program, beyond their linguistic proficiency?

Higher creativity scores (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a form of bilingualism?

A person who only understands a second language but cannot speak it (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why some bilingual students may not achieve native-like fluency in both languages?

Lack of interaction with native speakers (C) Signup and view all the answers

Is the following statement true or false? Smith's (1939) study demonstrated that bilingual children in Hawaii had fewer errors in their English than monolingual children in Iowa.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary concern regarding early bilingualism and first-language development?

Learning two languages simultaneously may lead to slower development in both languages. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A 'pidgeon' refers to:

A simple, improvised language used for communication between speakers of different languages (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following research findings supports the idea that bilingualism has a positive impact on cognitive abilities?

Peal and Lambert's research suggested that bilingualism enhances mental flexibility. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding early intelligence tests?

They were biased because they did not account for participants' language proficiency. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies sequential bilingualism?

An adult moves to a new country and learns the local language to communicate. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following research findings contradicts the claims of negative effects of bilingualism on intelligence?

Ellen Bialystok's research demonstrated that older bilinguals could perform as well as younger monolinguals in fluid intelligence tasks. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of bilingualism highlighted by research?

Increased risk of dementia in older adults. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the main distinction between sequential and simultaneous bilingualism?

Sequential bilingualism involves learning languages at different times, while simultaneous bilingualism involves learning languages at the same time. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements accurately reflects the current understanding of the effects of early bilingualism?

Early bilingualism provides significant cognitive benefits, leading to improved linguistic and cognitive skills. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario demonstrates simultaneous bilingualism?

A child is exposed to English at school and Arabic at home from birth. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between simultaneous bilingualism and sequential bilingualism?

Simultaneous bilingualism involves learning two languages at the same time, while sequential bilingualism involves learning one language after the other. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the 'silent period' in sequential bilingualism?

The period when a child is learning a second language but avoids speaking it. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the development of a second language in a sequential bilingual child and in an adult?

Children tend to overgeneralize grammar rules in the second language, while adults are more careful. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages is NOT considered a common stage of sequential bilingualism in young children?

Children fully abandon the first language as they master the second language. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is FALSE about sequential bilingualism?

The second language learning process always completely replaces the first language. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these situations is an example of sequential bilingualism?

An adult decides to learn Spanish after being fluent in English. (A), A family moves to a new country and the children learn the local language while still retaining their native tongue. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the passage, why is sequential bilingualism common in immigrants?

Immigrants often learn the language of the new country to integrate into their adopted community. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about sequential bilingualism in children?

Children always speak the second language perfectly and without errors from the beginning. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which of the following IS NOT recommended for teaching reading in a bilingual situation?

Teaching both languages without parental involvement (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it considered easier to teach a child to read a second language after they have learned the first language?

Learning the basic principles of reading in the first language helps them apply it to the second. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies is NOT considered a strategy for becoming a better second-language learner?

Using parental involvement (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a common reason why simultaneous teaching of reading in two languages is often discouraged?

It can prevent parents from using flashcards effectively in teaching reading. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about bilingual children's language development is TRUE?

Bilingual children's language development generally follows a similar pattern to that of monolingual children. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why deductive reasoning is NOT considered a strategy for becoming a better second-language learner?

Deductive reasoning involves forming general hypotheses before testing specific rules, which is the opposite of how language acquisition works. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the One Person–One Language (1P–1L) approach is CORRECT?

This approach requires one parent to speak one language to the child and the other parent to speak a different language to the child. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In sequential bilingualism, what is the term for the period when children limit their use of their home language outside the home?

Silent stage (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the '1P-2L' situation in simultaneous bilingualism?

Both parents speak two languages to the child. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why the '1P-1L' situation is considered more advantageous for language development than the '1P-2L' situation?

It provides consistent exposure to each language. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common linguistic feature observed in children who are acquiring a second language sequentially?

Their speech often resembles the telegraphic speech of first-language learners. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sequential bilingualism involves the child using gestures extensively for communication?

Emerging stage (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the trilingual case (1P-1L) x 3, what were the three languages spoken to the children?

English, Japanese, and Russian (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of sequential bilingualism, what does the term 'home language' refer to?

The language primarily used in the child's home environment. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the typical development of fluency in sequential bilingualism?

Complete fluency in both languages is not guaranteed, and may vary depending on individual factors. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

1P–2L situation

A language learning environment where a child is exposed to two languages from one person.

1P–1L situation

A language learning environment where a child learns one language from each parent.