Big Data Overview and the 5 Vs

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Questions and Answers

Which type of analysis involves examining how data has changed over a period of time?

Comparative analysis

Trend analysis (correct)

Qualitative analysis

Descriptive analysis

What type of information does INE provide related to society?

Health Survey (correct)

Consumer Price Index

Labor Market Survey Data

Industrial Survey of Companies

Which analysis method is used for comparing unemployment rates across different regions?

Trend analysis

Statistical analysis

Descriptive analysis

Comparative analysis (correct)

What type of data does the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Enterprise primarily focus on?

Financial data and statistics Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of descriptive analysis?

To summarize and describe a dataset Signup and view all the answers

Which shape is used to represent an entity in an ER diagram?

Rectangle Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary goals of normalization in database design?

To eliminate data redundancy Signup and view all the answers

In which normal form must each column contain only atomic values?

First Normal Form Signup and view all the answers

Which process ensures that all non-key attributes are fully dependent on the primary key?

Normalization Signup and view all the answers

What does the physical implementation phase of database design determine?

How the logical schema will be stored in the database management system Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of a Database Management System (DBMS)?

To provide functionalities for database storage and retrieval Signup and view all the answers

Which level of database architecture focuses on defining entities and relationships without technology specifications?

Conceptual Design Signup and view all the answers

Which operation is not typically associated with the manipulation of data in a DBMS?

Format Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of indexing in a database?

To create fast lookup keys for data retrieval Signup and view all the answers

How does a DBMS ensure data integrity?

By using constraints and validation rules Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a DBMS deals with recovering lost data?

Backup and Recovery Signup and view all the answers

Which SQL-related capability is primarily associated with the retrieval of data?

Querying Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the Physical Level of database architecture?

It describes how data is actually stored Signup and view all the answers

What types of relationships does Excel support?

One-to-many and one-to-one Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary practice for maintaining data integrity in Excel when using relationships?

Manually ensure data consistency Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a basic normalization form in Excel?

4NF: reducing multiple data fields Signup and view all the answers

Which Excel function is primarily used to perform vertical lookups?

VLOOKUP Signup and view all the answers

What method can be utilized to highlight potential data errors in Excel?

Conditional Formatting Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended practice to avoid duplicate records in Excel?

Implement unique IDs for each record Signup and view all the answers

To restrict data input in Excel, what feature should one use?

Data Validation Signup and view all the answers

Which approach can effectively minimize redundancy in data management within Excel?

Organizing data into separate tables and entities Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant feature introduced in the 1970s related to databases?

The Entity-Relationship model Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a limitation of traditional information storage methods before database systems?

Difficulties in searching and retrieving data Signup and view all the answers

What was a key development in the 1980s in the field of databases?

The creation of SQL by IBM Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of NoSQL databases introduced in the 1990s?

They handle unstructured data like images and text. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'DataLake' refer to in database terminology?

A repository for storing and analyzing data from multiple databases Signup and view all the answers

Which company was among the first to introduce a relational database management system (RDBMS)?

Oracle Signup and view all the answers

What type of solutions emerged in the 2000s that facilitated database management?

Serverless and cloud-based database solutions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following industries is NOT mentioned as utilizing databases?

Aerospace engineering Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary advantage of using the INDEX and MATCH combination over VLOOKUP?

It can retrieve data from left-to-right. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about NoSQL databases?

They can handle various data types including unstructured data. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of document stores like MongoDB?

They allow for a flexible schema among documents. Signup and view all the answers

When should a NoSQL database be used?

When real-time analytics and performance are critical. Signup and view all the answers

What is an incorrect statement about PIVOT TABLES?

They automatically adjust as data updates. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a typical use case for key-value stores like Redis?

Session management and caching. Signup and view all the answers

Which benefit does NoSQL databases provide in terms of scalability?

They support horizontal scaling. Signup and view all the answers

What does a flexible schema in NoSQL databases allow developers to do?

Quickly add or modify data fields. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Big Data

Data is crucial for decision-making in all areas of business
In 2025, the world is estimated to generate 175 zettabytes (ZB) of data (up from only 2ZB in 2010)
Daily internet user data generation is around 2,500,000 GB
90% of the world's data was created in the past two years
5 Vs of Big Data: velocity, variety, volume, veracity, value

The 5 Vs of Big Data

Velocity: batch, near-time, real-time, streams
Variety: structured, unstructured, semi-structured (all types)
Volume: terabytes, records, transactions, tables, files
Veracity: trustworthiness, authenticity, origin, reputation, accountability
Value: statistical, events, correlations, hypothetical

Data Sources

Facebook
Twitter (500,000 tweets per minute)
Instagram (347,222 posts per minute)
IoT (Internet of Things) sensors (75 million connected devices)

Data Storage

Less than 20% of global data is stored in relational databases.
80% of global data is unstructured (text, images, video)
Big data is stored in Big Data Architectures, in the cloud and in NoSQL databases

Big Data Storage Technologies

Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS): distributes data into small blocks across multiple servers for redundancy
Data Lakes: centralized repositories for all data types (structured, semi-structured, unstructured) stored as raw data

Economic and Financial Data Sources

INE (Spanish National Statistics Institute) provides wide statistical data on economy, demographics, and society.
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Enterprise provides financial data and statistics (e.g., macroeconomic data, public finances, labor market, foreign trade)
Spanish Government
Madrid Stock Market
Spanish Bank
Eurostat (European Union statistics)
World Bank (global development data)
International Monetary Fund (macroeconomic and financial data)

Introduction to Databases

Databases are essential for efficient data management across various industries (e-commerce, social media, banking).
Traditional storage methods like paper, magnetic tapes, and accounting records were insufficient due to their limitations.
The Entity-Relationship (ER) model emerged as a standard in the 1970s for database design
Oracle introduced the first Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

Using SQL (Structured Query Language)

SQL is a standard language for managing and manipulating relational databases.
SQL provides commands for operations like creating, reading, updating, and deleting data
Real-world applications include business intelligence, finance, healthcare, and e-commerce.
Main data types in SQL include INT, FLOAT, VARCHAR, CHAR, DATE, DATETIME, TIMESTAMP, and BLOB.

Main Structures (SQL)

Creating Tables: Define columns and types of data in tables
Selecting Records: Retrieve specific columns from tables, filtering by conditions. Includes JOINs to combine data from multiple tables.
Inserting Records: Add new rows to a table with specific data.
Updating Records: Modify existing data in a table.
Deleting Records: Remove rows from a table.

Using Subqueries in SQL

Subqueries are queries nested inside another query. Used for complex retrievals and filtering
Subqueries can return single rows or multiple rows

Using Microsoft Excel as a Database

Excel can be used a flat-file database.
Data stored as a single table.
Not suitable for complex queries or relationships.Useful for quick analysis and prototyping.

Using Big Data Techniques in Relational Databases

Data Model Basics: allow multiple tables
Relationships: create one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many relationships between tables

Data Integrity in Excel

Data Integrity is critical for data accuracy, reliability, and consistency.
Excel doesn't have as sophisticated data validation as dedicated databases.
Excel does provide some methods for checking data.

NoSQL Databases

NoSQL databases are non-relational databases designed for non-tabular data.
They can handle structured, semi-structured (like JSON), and unstructured data.
They are often used for scalability and flexibility when dealing with large volumes of data. Types include:
- Document Stores: Used for content management, e.g., MongoDB.
- Key-Value Stores: Ideal for caching, session management, and real-time bidding, e.g., Redis.
- Graph Databases: Suited for modelling complex relationships, e.g., Neo4j.

PowerBI as a Database Tool

Desktop version is a personal tool or for reports by developers.
Service version is a shared cloud-based platform.
It allows for visualization and analysis of data from relational databases, Excel files, or other sources. Can also work with relational databases.
It functions differently than relational databases, which are better at storing data for later recall.

Relational Databases

Tables containing rows (records) and columns (fields).
Essential for relational data integrity.
Relations are created using keys: Primary Keys and Foreign Keys.

Database Design

Defines how data is structured and accessed in a database. Key aspects include:
- Schema Definition: Tables, columns, data types, relationships.
- Normalization: Optimizes data integrity and minimizes redundancy.
- Physical Implementation: Logical schema to physical storage.
- Performance Optimization: Techniques like indexing and partitioning.

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Description

Explore the critical aspects of big data, including its exponential growth and the importance of the 5 Vs: velocity, variety, volume, veracity, and value. This quiz will test your understanding of data generation, sources, and storage challenges in today's digital landscape.