Bicultural/Multiracial Identity
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Questions and Answers

During puberty, which body parts are among the first to grow?

  • Torso and shoulders
  • Arms and legs
  • Hips and thighs
  • Extremities (head, hands, and feet) (correct)

    • Bones become softer and less brittle during puberty.

    False

    The frontal lobe of the brain continues to develop into the early ____s.

    20

    What significant aspect contributes to the risks associated with adolescent behaviors?

    <p>Mismatch in timing between the development of the limbic system and prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following body changes with their descriptions:

    <p>Menarche = First menstrual period Acne = Pimples on the skin due to overactive sebaceous glands Adam's apple = Enlarged thyroid cartilage in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some risks associated with early maturation in girls?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cerebral cortex is responsible for sexual thoughts and fantasies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is the most important for sexual functioning?

    <p>hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxytocin is known as the hormone of ___?

    <p>love</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following hormones with their functions:

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) = Responsible for ovulation Luteinizing hormone (LH) = Triggers the release of a mature egg during ovulation Estrogen and progesterone = Regulate motivation to engage in sexual behavior for females Vasopressin = Involved in the male arousal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the precise effects of hallucinogenic drugs influenced by?

    <p>The drug itself &amp; the user's preexisting mental state and expectations of the drug experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marijuana can act as a stimulant.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are negative effects of adolescent marijuana use? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Difficulty thinking and problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stages did Jean Piaget propose in cognitive development? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Sensorimotor intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does adolescent egocentrism involve?

    <p>Heightened self-focus and entering a world of hypothetical possibilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the recommended calorie ranges for 9-13 year old girls and boys per day?

    <p>Girls: 1,400 to 2,200 calories, Boys: 1,600 to 2,600 calories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obesity in childhood can lead to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the belief that adolescents are unique, special, and invulnerable to harm?

    <p>personal fable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the common eating disorders that frequently appear during the teen years?

    <p>Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drug experimentation is influenced by social norms about the risks and benefits, and adolescents may try drugs if their _______ convince them to.

    <p>friends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed three moral positions related to caring for others?

    <p>Carol Gilligan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    George Miller suggested that most people can retain about five items in short-term memory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychoactive drug classes with their descriptions:

    <p>Stimulants = Block reuptake of neurotransmitters, increase sympathetic nervous system activity Depressants = Reduce CNS activity, used as prescription pain relievers Opioids = Activate opioid receptors for euphoria and pain relief Hallucinogens = Produce extreme alteration of consciousness and hallucinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ is the first stage of storage where stimuli from the environment are briefly held.

    <p>Sensory Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three ways you can retrieve information out of your long-term memory?

    <p>Recall, Recognition, Relearning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness called?

    <p>Retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Forgetting occurs because information was not properly encoded into long-term memory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Forgetting is not always due to failed encoding, but can also be caused by effortful processing to __________ information.

    <p>retrieve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four possible combinations of the dimension of commitment and exploration in James Marcia's theory of identity development?

    <p>Identity-Diffusion, Identity-Foreclosure, Identity-Moratorium, Identity-Achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'foreclosure status' in identity development?

    <p>When an individual commits to an identity without exploring other options during their development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Teens in the 'Identity-Diffusion' status have both explored options and made a commitment to an identity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bicultural identity?

    <p>Individuals see themselves as part of both the ethnic minority group and the larger society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is multiracial identity?

    <p>Identity of individuals whose parents come from two or more ethnic or racial groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some effects of media on teens?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Watching violent television shows and movies necessarily leads to committing violence.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is parental monitoring?

    <p>Parents’ knowledge about their children’s activities, who they hang out with, and what they do.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about peer relationships during adolescence?

    <p>Positive peer relationships lead to happiness and better adjustment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peers can reinforce problem behavior through deviant peer contagion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethnic identity is the process of coming to terms with who one is based on their __________ ancestry.

    <p>ethnic or racial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Physical Growth

    • Adolescent growth spurt: increase in height and weight during puberty due to simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens
    • Males experience growth spurt about two years later than females
    • Growth sequence: extremities (head, hands, and feet), arms and legs, and torso and shoulders
    • Non-uniform growth can make adolescent body appear out of proportion
    • Bones become harder and more brittle during puberty
    • Before puberty, males and females have similar fat and muscle distribution, but during puberty, males grow muscle faster and females experience a higher increase in body fat
    • Heart and lungs increase in size and capacity, allowing for increased strength and endurance

    Brain Growth

    • Brain growth and development continue into the early 20s
    • Development of the frontal lobe and maturation of the brain
    • Adolescents engage in risk-taking behaviors and experience heightened emotions due to brain development
    • Frontal lobes of the brain are still maturing until early adulthood
    • Brain undergoes dramatic changes, but does not increase in size; instead, it becomes more interconnected and specialized
    • Myelination increases, leading to improved thinking and processing skills
    • Different brain areas mature at different times, leading to a "mismatch" in development

    Physical Changes in Adolescence

    • Adolescence begins with the onset of puberty, characterized by rapid physical changes and hormonal changes
    • Puberty is the second most rapid growth period in life, after the prenatal period
    • Timing of puberty varies across cultures, but typically occurs between ages 9-14 for girls and 10-17 for boys
    • Puberty is divided into two phases: release of sex hormones and development of primary sex characteristics
    • Secondary sexual characteristics include visible physical changes that signal sexual maturity

    Male and Female Anatomy

    • Male anatomy includes internal and external genitalia, and the production of sperm
    • Female anatomy includes external genitalia (vulva, labia, and clitoris), internal reproductive organs (vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries), and a monthly reproductive cycle

    Effects of Puberty on Development

    • Age of puberty is decreasing, influenced by better nutrition, stress, obesity, and endocrine disrupting chemicals
    • A century ago, the average age of a girl's first period was 16, but today it is around 13
    • There is no clear marker of puberty for boys, making it harder to determine if they are maturing earlier
    • Puberty can be a source of pride or embarrassment, and early or late maturation can lead to social and emotional challenges

    The Brain and Sex

    • The brain translates nerve impulses from the skin into pleasurable sensations, controlling nerves and muscles used during sexual behavior
    • The cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus regulate sexual functioning
    • Destruction of certain areas of the hypothalamus can eliminate sexual behavior

    Hormones

    • Secreted by the pituitary gland, hormones regulate sexual function and motivation

    • Oxytocin, also known as the "hormone of love," is released during orgasm and involved in maintaining close relationships

    • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulate ovulation and sperm production

    • Vasopressin is involved in male arousal, and estrogen and progesterone regulate female sexual motivation### Adolescent Development

    • Adolescent brain development is influenced by environmental and social factors, including work, homework, media, technology, and socializing.

    Physiological Changes

    • During puberty, the rate of physical growth slows down.
    • Girls stop growing taller around age 16, while boys continue to grow until ages 18-20.
    • There are significant psychological and emotional changes during this life stage, including a desire for independence and individual identity formation.

    Nutrition and Eating Habits

    • Healthy eating habits are essential for growth and development.
    • Some adolescents may experience food insecurity, which can impact motivation and behavior.
    • The need for food is a fundamental human need, and people will go to great lengths to attain it when hungry.
    • Keys and colleagues found that individuals on severely reduced-calorie diets lost interest in sex and social activities, becoming preoccupied with food.

    Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

    • Human beings have needs that are hierarchically ranked, with basic physiological needs (e.g., food, water) being the most fundamental.
    • Once basic needs are met, higher-order needs (e.g., safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization) can be addressed.
    • Satisfaction of lower-level needs is necessary before addressing higher-level needs.

    Weight Management

    • Forming good eating habits and engaging in fitness activities help maintain a healthy weight and develop lifelong habits.
    • To control weight, it is essential to eat fewer calories and exercise more.
    • Caloric requirements vary by age, gender, growth, and activity level.

    Exercise

    • Exercise improves overall mental health, reduces stress, and enhances feelings of well-being.
    • It also increases cardiovascular capacity, lowers blood pressure, and improves joint flexibility and muscle strength.

    Eating Disorders

    • Eating disorders typically appear during the teen years or young adulthood.
    • Risk factors include genetic, biological, behavioral, psychological, and social factors.
    • Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.

    Treatment of Eating Disorders

    • Treatment involves adequate nutrition, discontinuing destructive behaviors, and individualized therapy (medical care, nutritional counseling, medications, and psychotherapy).

    Drug and Substance Abuse

    • Drug use can lead to physical problems, cognitive impairment, and long-lasting consequences on cognitive development and social-emotional development.
    • Factors influencing drug use include socialization, peer pressure, and misperceptions about risks and benefits.
    • Psychoactive drugs can change states of consciousness, perception, and mood.
    • There are four primary classes of psychoactive drugs: stimulants, depressants, opioids, and hallucinogens.

    Stimulants

    • Stimulants block the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, increasing activity in the sympathetic nervous system.
    • Effects include increased heart rate, pupil dilation, and decreased appetite.

    Depressants

    • Depressants slow down consciousness, reducing CNS activity.
    • They are often used to relieve pain and induce sleep.

    A Closer Look at the Danger of Adolescent Alcohol Use

    • Alcohol is the oldest and most widely used drug of abuse in the world.
    • Short-term health risks include injuries, violence, and risky sexual behaviors.
    • Long-term health risks include chronic diseases, cancer, learning and memory problems, and mental health issues.

    Opioids

    • Opioids increase activity in opioid receptor neurons, producing euphoria, analgesia, and slower breathing.

    Hallucinogens

    • Hallucinogens alter sensation and perception, creating hallucinations.
    • Examples include LSD, PCP, cannabis, mescaline, and peyote.

    A Closer Look at the Danger of Adolescent Marijuana Use

    • Marijuana is the most widely used hallucinogen.

    • It can have harmful and long-lasting effects on an adolescent's health and well-being, including difficulty thinking and problem-solving, impaired coordination, and negative effects on school and social life.### Dependence and Addiction

    • Dependence can be psychological or physical, with psychological dependence involving a desire for a drug as part of everyday life, while physical dependence involves withdrawal symptoms.

    • Withdrawal is a set of negative experiences that occur when drug use is stopped or reduced, including physical pain.

    • Addiction is a strong craving for a drug, leading to continued use despite negative consequences.

    Maintaining Emotional Health

    • Emotional regulation is the ability to control emotions, leading to positive health outcomes.
    • Stress reactions are useful in warning about potential danger, but need to be controlled to prevent behavioral issues.
    • Stress can be managed using coping strategies, leading to better emotional regulation.

    Cognitive Development in Adolescence

    • Teenagers develop abstract thought, considering multiple perspectives and hypothetical situations.
    • Cognitive empathy, or the ability to take others' perspectives, increases during adolescence.
    • Girls develop cognitive empathy around 13 years old, while boys develop it around 15 years old.

    Cognitive Changes in the Brain

    • Early adolescence sees changes in dopamine, a neurotransmitter producing pleasure and contributing to sensation-seeking and reward motivation.
    • Later adolescence sees the development of the prefrontal cortex, responsible for forming judgments and controlling impulses.
    • Risk-taking behavior is more common during middle adolescence due to the development of different brain regions.

    Cognitive Theorists

    • Jean Piaget proposed the formal operational stage of cognitive development, characterized by abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning.
    • David Elkind expanded on Piaget's theory, highlighting adolescent egocentricity and the construction of an imaginary audience.
    • Lawrence Kohlberg developed a moral development theory, proposing six stages of moral reasoning, including a focus on justice and right.
    • Carol Gilligan proposed a morality of care, valuing human responsibilities and care for others.

    Information Processing Theory

    • Memory is an information processing system, involving encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
    • Encoding is the input of information into the memory system, involving automatic and effortful processing.
    • Storage involves the retention of encoded information, passing through three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
    • Long-term memory has no capacity limits, while short-term memory is limited to around seven items.

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    Description

    This quiz explores how ethnic minorities identify with the culture of their surroundings, and to what extent they combine, keep separate or reject their cultural identities.

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